@article{nicolasbolnet_qureshi_cieszynski_taylor_1995, title={Avian hematopoiesis in response to avian cytokines}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0741970}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to examine the hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation potential of growth factors produced by chicken macrophages. Bone marrow (BM) cells (25 x 10(3)) from newly hatched B15B15 K-strain Leghorn chicks were seeded in .5 mL serum-free semi-solid culture supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) of a conditioned medium (CM) from a chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU. The conditioned medium was obtained by culturing MQ-NCSU cells either in LM-HAHN (CMI) or RPMI-1640 (CMII) growth medium. The control cultures contained only LM-HAHN or RPMI medium. Bone marrow cells in the presence of CMI differentiated predominately into granulocyte colonies (Experiment 1 = 84 +/- 9.2; Experiment 2 = 105 +/- 5). No colonies were observed in the control cultures. Stimulation of MQ-NCSU cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced a CM that differentiated BM cells predominantly into macrophage colonies (122 +/- 16.3 in CMI and 92 +/- 5.6 in CMII). These data suggest that MQ-NCSU cells spontaneously secrete a factor with the potential to promote granulocyte differentiation. However, upon stimulation with LPS, the factor secreted had macrophage colony stimulation potential (M-CSF), which was similar in activity when compared with the activity of recombinant chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (r-cMGF). Another CM from chicken fibroblasts (FCM) was tested on BM cells from K-strain Leghorns and Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres broiler chicks. Data from three experiments showed that 25 x 10(3) BM cells from K-strain chicken yielded more macrophage and granulocytes colonies (82 +/- 14) than those from broilers (56 +/- 12). This study suggests that avian cytokines exhibit progenitor cell differentiation potential and that this activity is dependent upon the source of cytokines and their targets.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={NicolasBolnet, C and Qureshi, MA and Cieszynski, JA and Taylor, RL}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={1970–1976} }
 @article{nicolasbolnet_johnston_kemper_ricks_petitte_1995, title={SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF 2 SOURCES OF AVIAN GROWTH-FACTORS ON PROLIFERATIVE DIFFERENTIATION OF CHICK EMBRYONIC HEMATOPOIETIC-CELLS}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7479487}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0741102}, abstractNote={During embryonic development, the components of the avian immune system undergo ontogeny in several distinct organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. This process is regulated and controlled by the complex interactions of various cytokines and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). The objective was to examine the action of two different sources of hematopoietic growth factors, spleen-conditioned media (SCM) and chick embryo extract (CEE), on the proliferation of hematopoietic cells from various organs and on the differentiation of progenitor cells in semi-solid culture. Spleen and bone marrow cells obtained at Day 16 of incubation responded in a dose-dependent manner to the addition of SCM and CEE alone or in combination. No proliferative effect of SCM was observed on cells obtained from embryonic thymus or bursa. Clonal analysis of bone marrow and spleen cells suggested that CEE may contain the avian equivalents of stem cell factor, interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, granulocyte-CSF, and macrophage-CSF. Clonal analysis of SCM cultures suggested that in addition to myelomonocytic growth factor, which affects primarily macrophage-granulocyte lineages, a thrombocyte-CSF-like activity was also apparent. The SCM alone tended to act upon committed late progenitors. The combination of CEE and SCM amplified the size and the total number of colonies obtained and appeared to act synergistically upon progenitors with a high level of proliferative potential. This response on young progenitors was confirmed when cells were cultured in CEE and SCM prior to clonal analysis. These results document the presence of thrombocyte CSF in SCM and the effect of both CEE and SCM on the proliferative differentiation of avian embryonic hematopoietic progenitors.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={NICOLASBOLNET, C and JOHNSTON, PA and KEMPER, AE and RICKS, C and PETITTE, JN}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={1102–1116} }