@article{sprenkel_brooks_vanduyn_deitz_1979, title={EFFECTS OF 3 CULTURAL VARIABLES ON THE INCIDENCE OF NOMURAEA-RILEYI, PHYTOPHAGOUS LEPIDOPTERA, AND THEIR PREDATORS ON SOYBEANS}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/8.2.334}, abstractNote={The effects of soybean planting date, row width and seeding rate on populations of Plathypena scabra , Heliothis zea , Pseudoplusia includens , and their natural enemies Geocoris punctipes , Orius insidiosus , Nabis spp., Araneida and Nomuraea rileyi were monitored in a 3-yr study in North Carolina. Of the cultural variables, seeding rate had the least effect and planting date generally had the greatest effect on all populations except O. insidiosus . Early-planted soybeans in narrow rows at a high seeding rate generally had larger numbers of N. rileyi -killed larvae and a higher percentage of mortality of the total larval population due to N. rileyi .

There is strong evidence to support the recommendation of planting soybeans early (before June 5) because yields were higher and parasitism (by N. rileyi ) and predation on the key pests were higher than on late-planted soybeans. When soybeans are planted late as a 2nd crop following small grain, planting in narrow rows at a high seeding rate maximizes the effects of N. rileyi and key predators.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={SPRENKEL, RK and BROOKS, WM and VANDUYN, JW and DEITZ, LL}, year={1979}, pages={334–339} }
 @article{sprenkel_brooks_1977, title={WINTER SURVIVAL OF ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGUS NOMURAEA-RILEYI IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1096-0805"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-2011(77)80031-1}, abstractNote={Laboratory-produced sclerotia (mummified cadavers of Heliothis virescens) and conidia of Nomuraea rileyi were held under field conditions from October 30, 1974 to August 8, 1975. Conidia were infectious after being held on the surface of the soil and in a glass vial for 138 and 209 days, respectively. Cadavers held on the surface of the soil began sporulating after 47 days. Infectious conidia were found on these cadavers for the entire sampling period (281 days). Infectious conidia were also present on cadavers buried 10 cm in the soil on the first sampling period (14 days) and last recorded at 194 days. N. rileyi was found to survive through the last sampling period (281 days) as was evident from the sporulation which occurred when the cadavers were placed at 27°C under laboratory conditions.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={SPRENKEL, RK and BROOKS, WM}, year={1977}, pages={262–266} }