@inbook{sumner_allen_1990, title={Targeting and the distribution of program benefits}, ISBN={0915707543}, booktitle={Agricultural policies in a new decade}, publisher={Washington, D.C. : Resources for the Future and National Planning Association}, author={Sumner, D. A. and Allen, K.}, year={1990}, pages={125} }
 @article{sumner_mueller_1989, title={ARE HARVEST FORECASTS NEWS - USDA ANNOUNCEMENTS AND FUTURES MARKET REACTIONS}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1241769}, abstractNote={Futures market price data for corn and soybeans are used to examine reactions to U.S. Department of Agriculture harvest forecasts. These forecasts are widely known and reasonably accurate, so failure to find significant reaction would indicate that the USDA did not contribute additional news relative to information already possessed by traders. Various t-tests, F-tests, and nonparametric chi-square tests indicate rejection of the null hypothesis of no significant difference between means of absolute values or variances of changes in closing prices on days following a USDA announcement and other days. Thus, the data indicate that significant information is contained in the forecasts.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={SUMNER, DA and MUELLER, RAE}, year={1989}, month={Feb}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{sumner_frazao_1989, title={WAGE RATES IN A POOR RURAL AREA WITH EMPHASIS ON THE IMPACT OF FARM AND NONFARM EXPERIENCE}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1539-2988"]}, DOI={10.1086/451756}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessWage Rates in a Poor Rural Area with Emphasis on the Impact of Farm and Nonfarm ExperienceDaniel A. Sumner, and Elizabeth FrazaoDaniel A. Sumner Search for more articles by this author , and Elizabeth Frazao Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 37, Number 4Jul., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451756 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={4}, journal={ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE}, author={SUMNER, DA and FRAZAO, E}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={709–718} }
 @article{sumner_wohlgenant_1985, title={EFFECTS OF AN INCREASE IN THE FEDERAL EXCISE TAX ON CIGARETTES}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1240674}, abstractNote={The economic impact of a cigarette tax increase on the cigarette and tobacco industries depends on market forces and on the U.S. tobacco program. This study uses a log-linear equilibrium displacement model, parameter estimates from prior studies, and recent data to indicate quantitative effects. International trade implies that the effect of the tax increase on the price of domestic tobacco will be small, even in the case of fixed tobacco quotas. However, the effects on tobacco producers' revenue, quota lease rates, and producer economic rents can be significant, depending on the response of U.S. tobacco policy to a tax change.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={SUMNER, DA and WOHLGENANT, MK}, year={1985}, pages={235–242} }
 @article{sumner_1982, title={THE OFF-FARM LABOR SUPPLY OF FARMERS}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1240642}, abstractNote={Theoretical and empirical models are developed to examine the off-farm wages, labor force participation, and hours of work of farmers. Econometric estimates use data from a 1971 survey of Illinois farmers. The off-farm wage depends on farmer human capital and the local labor market. The major result confirms the. sensitivity of off-farm work to economic incentives. A 10% increase in the off-farm wage entails an 11% increase in hours of off-farm work holding farm characteristics constant. Results also indicate effects of seasonality, risk, and life cycle factors on off-farm work.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={SUMNER, DA}, year={1982}, pages={499–509} }
 @article{sumner_1981, title={WAGE FUNCTIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL SELECTION IN A RURAL LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY SETTING}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1530-9142"]}, DOI={10.2307/1935846}, abstractNote={ECONOMISTS are just beginning to develop empirical knowledge about the basic relationships that determine the distribution of incomes and allocation of resources in the poor rural regions of the world. Understanding interactions between agriculture and the rest of the economy is particularly important in this context. This paper empirically investigates the allocation of human resources between farm work and other jobs and the compensation received by individuals for their work in agriculture and elsewhere. Specifically, two related tasks are undertaken in this paper: (1) the estimation of wage functions; and (2) the estimation of functions determining the allocation of time among occupations. There have been a series of papers which estimate the earnings function using data from poor countries. (For examples, see Blaug (1974); Chiswick (1977); and Valdes (1971).) However, this study focuses not on total earnings but on the wage rates a person may earn in labor market work, because the wage rate is the relevant price of time for many allocative decisions. For example, in dividing the work year between self-employed farming and work as an employee off the farm, a key price is the potential wage rate the person can earn in the labor market. (For discussion and evidence on this issue, see Sumner (1978).) Recently, a few studies have appeared which illustrate the importance of understanding potential wage variations across individuals in less developed countries. Rosenzweig (1978) uses wage estimates from aggregate Indian data in a model determining the impact of land reform. Bardhan (1979) develops wage functions from a sample survey in rural India as a step in estimating labor supply for rural households. Kusnic and DaVanzo (1980) use wage functions to impute potential incomes and to measure the full income distribution. These previous studies illustrate the importance of understanding the determinants of market wages. The present paper develops wage functions in more detail, focusing especially on industrial differentials. In many rural areas employment opportunities may be usefully categorized into (1) self-employment (mainly on small farms); (2) work for wages on large farms; and (3) work for wages in non-farm industries. The combination of selfemployment and work as an employee is also important in many rural areas in both rich and poor countries. This paper examines the impact of personal characteristics on the choice to participate in work for wages and on the choice of industry. These estimates also form a basis for studying industrial wage differentials. Tentative estimates of the dependence of participation on expected wages are also presented below. The empirical analysis in this paper is based on a 1974 sample of five villages in central Guatemala (see Corona (1978) and Stein (1978)). One village, Petapa, is larger, richer and more urban than the others. It lies south of Guatemala City within commuting distance of the capital. The other villages are outside the capital city region. The population sampled is almost exclusively ladino (Spanish culture as opposed to Indian). Data are available on the earnings, hours of work, industry, age, schooling, literacy, and village of 1,005 male heads of households. Approximately one-third of the sample work as both self-employed farmers and hired workers, and most of these men work on fincas (large plantations). Another quarter of the sample work as self-employed farmers and do no work for wages. The suburban village has mostly nonagricultural workers, whereas the four other villages have predominantly farmers and farm employees. In Received for publication June 21, 1979. Revision accepted for publication December 31, 1980. * North Carolina State University. Research on this paper began while I was a Rockefeller Foundation supported Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Labor and Population Group of the Economics Department of the Rand Corporation and continued at North Carolina State University supported by the Agricultural Research Service. At Rand, Robert Newman served as my research assistant and at N.C. State, James Cochell provided able assistance. I have benefited from the comments of colleagues at both institutions and from members of the Labor Economics Workshop at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I also thank two anonymous referees for useful suggestions. This is paper number 6558 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, N.C.}, number={4}, journal={REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS}, author={SUMNER, DA}, year={1981}, pages={513–519} }