@article{tirard_grossfeld_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_1995, title={Effect of hyperthermia in vitro on stress protein synthesisand accumulation in oyster haemocytes}, volume={5}, ISSN={1050-4648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8}, DOI={10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8}, abstractNote={Haemocytes comprise a major component of the non-specific defence mechanismsin marine bivalves. Induction of stress protein (SP) synthesis and accumulation of SPs was studied in vitro to define the metabolic response of oyster (C. virginica) haemocytes to acute temperature changes. An acute cold shock to near freezing had no significant effect on protein synthesis. However, a comparable heat shock of 20–28° C above the acclimation temperature of 20° C provoked a robust increase in synthesis of several SPs, especially those of about 70 (SP70), 37, 34 and 32 kDa. This response persisted for at least 24 h, during which time both isoforms of SP70-like immunoreactivity accumulated. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in the synthesis, but not in the level, of an actin-like protein of about 45 kDa. The extent of SP synthesis induction also was directly dependent on the duration of the preceding hyperthermia. Extending the duration of heat shock necessitated a longer recovery period, during which time amino acid incorporation returned towards or beyond the initial control values and cell viability was retained. After a severe heat shock at 46° C for 1 h, the predominant protein made for several days was SP70, which is known to be essential for stress tolerance in other biological systems. The results suggest that oyster haemocytes are remarkably resilient, and that SPs may contribute to their ability to resist or repair heat-evoked damage. This molecular adaptability could permit them to maintain immune surveillance during or immediately following serious threats to survival of these sessile ectotherms.}, number={1}, journal={Fish & Shellfish Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tirard, C.T. and Grossfeld, R.M. and Levine, J.F. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={9–25} }
 @article{tirard_grossfeld_volety_chu_1995, title={HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS OF THE OYSTER PARASITE PERKINSUS-MARINUS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0177-5103"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao022147}, abstractNote={The susceptibility of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica to infection by the protozoan parasite Perlunsus mannus is Influenced by temperature Because of the crucial roles of heat shock proteins in cellular thermal tolerance and in host-parasite adaptations in other species we compared the in vitro heat shock responses of cultured P mannusand of oyster hemocytes The parasite and host heat shock proteins were different in size and in ~mmunochemical specificlty In addi t~on, the thermal threshold for induclng the iesponse was higher for P marinus acclimated to the same temperature as the oysters The results suggest that P marlnus is likely to employ heat shock proteins as part of ~ t s adaptive survival repertoire and that ~t nlay be able to function normally under conditions of hyperthermia that evoke an emergency physiological response from the oyster defense cells Furthermore, they indicate that ~t is feasible to Investigate the host's and parasite S adap t~ve responses to each other, since the11 individual responses are readily d~stinguishable}, number={2}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={TIRARD, CT and GROSSFELD, RM and VOLETY, AK and CHU, FLE}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={147–151} }