@article{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={CARMOD - A SIMULATION-MODEL FOR CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE) POPULATION-DYNAMICS AND PREDATION ON IMMATURE STAGES OF HOUSE-FLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.4.1079}, abstractNote={The development, population dynamics, and predation on the eggs and first instars of the house fly, Musca domestica L., by the manure-inhabiting beetle Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) were simulated in a computer model. Model features include: nonlinear development of beetles and flies, fecundity as a function of beetle density, and predation rate as a function of beetle and fly density. All these processes depend on temperature, which can be set to a constant value or read from a file of variable temperatures. The model includes a management component that incorporates the effects on house fly and beetle populations of various insecticide and manure-removal strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating various management regimes are presented.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={1079–1088} }
 @book{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems}, number={296}, journal={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems}, publisher={Raleigh, NC : North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University}, author={Wilhoit, L. R. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991}, pages={81} }
 @book{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems}, volume={296}, institution={North Carolina Agricultural Research Service}, author={Wilhoit, L. R. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991}, pages={1–81} }
 @book{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems (Technical bulletin (North Carolina Agricultural Research Service); no. 2960}, publisher={Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University}, author={Wilhoit, L. R. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991} }
 @article{wilhoit_axtell_stinner_1991, title={ESTIMATING MANURE TEMPERATURES FROM AIR TEMPERATURES AND RESULTS OF ITS USE IN MODELS OF FILTH FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.2.635}, abstractNote={Populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and other filth flies and their natural enemies in confined-animal houses are greatly influenced by the temperature of their manure habitat. In order to use filth fly management simulation models that are driven by habitat temperatures, a mathematical relationship between manure temperature and air temperature, time of day, and manure depth was developed based on simultaneous hourly measurements of air and manure temperatures at depths of 1, 7, and 15 cm in three poultry housing environments over a three year period. Manure moisture had no measurable effect on manure temperature. A simulation model predicting population sizes of the house fly and a predaceous mite was driven using temperatures from the equation, and actual air and manure temperature recordings. Predicted population sizes using the estimated manure temperatures were closer to the sizes using actual manure temperatures than the sizes using air temperatures.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={635–643} }
 @article{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_bacheler_mann_1991, title={PARMOD - A SIMULATION-MODEL FOR THE POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF MUSCIDIFURAX SPP AND SPALANGIA SPP (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE), PARASITES OF HOUSE-FLY PUPAE (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.5.1418}, abstractNote={The population dynamics of four parasites of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae, Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, and M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, and their host were simulated in a computer model written in the C language. The model incorporates nonlinear temperature-dependent development, effects of host–parasite ratio on host mortality and parasitism, competition between adult parasites, and options for various insecticide, manure removal, and parasite release strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating parasite releases and pesticide applications are presented.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC and BACHELER, JE and MANN, JA}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1418–1426} }
 @article{fletcher_axtell_stinner_wilhoit_1991, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.99}, abstractNote={The development rates of the immature stages of Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), a predator on eggs and first instar larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. were determined at six constant temperatures: 17.5, 19.5, 25.5, 30.0, 32.5 and 35.0°C. At the six temperatures, respectively, the median development times (days) were for eggs: 25.5, 14.3, 7.4, 3.8, 3.5 and 3.5; for larvae 37.7, 20.9, 9.4, 6.0, 6.0 and 6.0; and for pupae 42.8, 33.6, 17.0, 9.7, 7.4 and 8.3. Maximum development rates for all stages were at 32.5°C. The percentage of survival at the six temperatures, respectively, for larvae were 66, 92, 98, 100, 93 and 93, and for pupae were 56, 86, 90, 100, 93 and 78. The parameters for the Sharpe and DeMichele (1977) temperature-dependent development model and the Stinner et al. (1975) distribution of development model were estimated from the constant temperature data and validated under a variable temperature cycle.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={FLETCHER, MG and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE and WILHOIT, LR}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={99–108} }