@article{waters_wolcott_kamykowski_sinclair_2015, title={Deep-water seed populations for red tide blooms in the Gulf of Mexico}, volume={529}, ISSN={["1616-1599"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps11272}, abstractNote={Populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that remain near the benthos in deep shelf water in the Gulf of Mexico could be the source for toxic bloom occurrences near shore. A biophysical dynamic simulation model and migrating drifters were used to assess whether such 'seed populations' could persist in nature. The vertical migration responses of plankton to an exclusively benthic nutrient source and light limitation would result in near-benthic behavioral trapping of a slowly growing population in conditions found on the West Florida Shelf (WFS). The model in- dicated that for a 50 m deep bottom, a 2-m-thick layer of ≥2 µmol NO3 - /NO2 - fluxing from the benthos was the minimum needed to permit growth for dark- adapted K. brevis in an oligotrophic water column. Growth rates depended more on the duration of expo- sure to nutrients than on concentration; a 1-m-thick nutrient layer sustained minimum growth levels inde- pendently of the nutrient distri bution at depths ≤40 m. Field experiments using Autonomous Behaving La- grangian Explorer drifters (ABLEs) that exhibited bio- mimetic vertical migration responses to the external environment demonstrated a benthically-oriented movement pattern in response to natural light and cues correlated with elevated near-benthic nutrients. Aver- age measurements of nutrients and light from the bot- tom 2 m of the water column in a potential bloom- forming region of the WFS were higher than the model-generated requirements for growth, suggesting that coastal nutrient distributions could support a ben- thic population offshore. Under upwelling conditions, such populations could be advected inshore to frontal convergence zones and form toxic 'red tide' blooms.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Waters, Linda G. and Wolcott, Thomas G. and Kamykowski, Dan and Sinclair, Geoff}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{darnell_wolcott_rittschof_2012, title={Environmental and endogenous control of selective tidal-stream transport behavior during blue crab Callinectes sapidus spawning migrations}, volume={159}, number={3}, journal={Marine Biology (Berlin, Germany)}, author={Darnell, M. Z. and Wolcott, T. G. and Rittschof, D.}, year={2012}, pages={621–631} }
 @article{medici_wolcott_wolcott_2006, title={Scale-dependent movements and protection of female blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus)}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1103/F05-263}, number={4}, journal={Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, author={Medici, D. A. and Wolcott, T. G. and Wolcott, D. L.}, year={2006}, pages={858–871} }
 @article{wolcott_hopkins_wolcott_2005, title={Early events in seminal fluid and sperm storage in the female blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun: Effects of male mating history, male size, and season}, volume={319}, ISSN={0022-0981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2005.01.001}, abstractNote={Male blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, transfer sperm and seminal fluid to their mates. The quantity of both of these components can vary, and may be particularly reduced in the ejaculate of males that have recently mated. While the potential consequences for fitness of receiving less sperm are obvious, the same is not true of seminal fluid; its role in the blue crab, other than as a sperm plug, is not known. We documented the changes in seminal fluid over time following controlled matings in the laboratory. By allowing males to mate repeatedly in quick succession, we were able to manipulate both the amount of sperm and of seminal fluid that females received. We measured the initial amount of seminal fluid and sperm transferred, and followed the number and viability of sperm, and condition of the spermathecal organs and ovaries, in cohorts of females held for various times post-mating. Females whose mates had mated recently received only about 33% as much ejaculate as those whose mates had full sperm stores. Sperm viability was unaffected, and regardless of male mating history, sperm number declined nearly 50% prior to brood production. We found that all seminal fluid is gone by 5 weeks post-mating, making it unlikely that it plays a role during long-term storage of sperm. The amount of ejaculate was independent of the size of the mate. The spermathecal organs themselves lose 86% of their mass prior to brood production, and this allowed us to develop a staging system for spermathecal condition that was useful for estimating reproductive timing in a field population in North Carolina. Essentially all field-caught females had mated, but sperm viability, sperm number, and ejaculate weight varied with season.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wolcott, Donna L. and Hopkins, C. Wynne Bost and Wolcott, Thomas G.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={43–55} }
 @article{aguilar_hines_wolcott_wolcott_kramer_lipcius_2005, title={The timing and route of movement and migration of post-copulatory female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, from the upper Chesapeake Bay}, volume={319}, ISSN={0022-0981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.030}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.030}, abstractNote={The movement of mature female blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun from lower salinity areas to spawn near the mouths of estuaries is well documented, but specific details of the post-copulatory phase of their migratory behavior are poorly understood in Chesapeake Bay. To test the hypotheses about the timing and route of this migration, we conducted a mark–recapture study of mature females released in a mesohaline portion of the upper Chesapeake Bay. From June 1999 to October 2002, 1440 mature female blue crabs were obtained from fishers, tagged, and released in the vicinity of the Rhode River, Maryland, approximately 200 km distant from the mouth of the Bay. As of the end of 2002, 167 crabs were recaptured (11.6%), with considerable variation in recapture rates among years. All recaptures except one (in Flagler Beach, Florida) were caught within the Chesapeake Bay proper. Recaptures of female crabs released at monthly intervals from June–November indicated that migration occurred during a short fall period rather than over the prolonged period of summer to fall mating. The distances traveled by crabs before recapture differed significantly among release months. On average, crabs released in September and October traveled greater distances than crabs released in earlier months (June–August). Depths of recapture sites differed significantly among months, with shallow depths in June–August increasing in September to a maximum in November. The locations and bathymetry of recapture sites showed that female crabs used areas near the deep channel, especially the eastern shoulder, of the Bay as a migration corridor to the spawning areas of the lower estuary. The distinct fall season and route of migration should provide valuable management information for protecting the declining spawning stock of Chesapeake blue crabs.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Aguilar, R. and Hines, A.H. and Wolcott, T.G. and Wolcott, D.L. and Kramer, M.A. and Lipcius, R.N.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={117–128} }
 @article{carver_wolcott_wolcott_hines_2005, title={Unnatural selection: Effects of a male-focused size-selective fishery on reproductive potential of a blue crab population}, volume={319}, ISSN={0022-0981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.013}, abstractNote={A male-focused size-selective fishery, like the one targeting the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S., has the potential to reduce the average size of the males in the population, reduce the density of males in the population, and/or raise the ratio of females to males. All of these may affect the mating dynamics of the population by reducing the amount of sperm that males provide to females and decreasing the number of males available for copulation. We investigated the effect of the fishery on a blue crab population in upper Chesapeake Bay by collecting crabs in areas of markedly different fishing pressure. Crabs were taken as individuals and as mating pairs, which permitted assessing the size of males currently mating in nature, and the seminal resources they possess and transfer to females. Average size of males in subpopulations that have been subjected to heavier fishing pressure is indeed smaller, and the smaller males pass less sperm and accessory fluid to females than would larger males if they were still present. Some males in pre-copulatory pairs are as sperm depleted as males that had just completed copulation, indicating that they are mating more frequently than they can replace their seminal resources. The most sperm-depleted males in the population are not even pairing or attempting to mate.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carver, Adina Motz and Wolcott, Thomas G. and Wolcott, Donna L. and Hines, Anson H.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={29–41} }
 @article{cooke_hinch_wikelski_andrews_kuchel_wolcott_butler_2004, title={Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology}, volume={19}, ISSN={0169-5347}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.003}, abstractNote={Remote measurement of the physiology, behaviour and energetic status of free-living animals is made possible by a variety of techniques that we refer to collectively as 'biotelemetry'. This set of tools ranges from transmitters that send their signals to receivers up to a few kilometers away to those that send data to orbiting satellites and, more frequently, to devices that log data. They enable researchers to document, for long uninterrupted periods, how undisturbed organisms interact with each other and their environment in real time. In spite of advances enabling the monitoring of many physiological and behavioural variables across a range of taxa of various sizes, these devices have yet to be embraced widely by the ecological community. Our review suggests that this technology has immense potential for research in basic and applied animal ecology. Efforts to incorporate biotelemetry into broader ecological research programs should yield novel information that has been challenging to collect historically from free-ranging animals in their natural environments. Examples of research that would benefit from biotelemetry include the assessment of animal responses to different anthropogenic perturbations and the development of life-time energy budgets.}, number={6}, journal={Trends in Ecology & Evolution}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cooke, Steven J. and Hinch, Scott G. and Wikelski, Martin and Andrews, Russel D. and Kuchel, Louise J. and Wolcott, Thomas G. and Butler, Patrick J.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={334–343} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_wolcott_2003, title={Behavioral responses of free-ranging blue crabs to episodic hypoxia. I. Movement}, volume={259}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps259215}, abstractNote={Episodic hypoxic events in estuaries can alter the trophic dynamics of important benthic predators. During hypoxic upwelling events mobile predators may reduce their feeding activity as they migrate to relatively shallower, oxygenated water, and may reinvade deep-water habitats dur- ing relaxation of hypoxia to exploit vulnerable infaunal prey (e.g. clams and polychaete worms) that have reduced their burial depth in response to hypoxia. We used biotelemetry techniques with con- current measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) to monitor the feeding and movement responses of free-ranging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus to episodic hypoxic upwelling and subsequent relaxation events within the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA. Although telemetered crabs fed in hypoxic water with DO concentrations as low as 1.01 mg l -1 , percent feeding occurrence declined slightly when crabs were exposed to mild (DO = 2 - 4 mg l -1 ) and severe hypoxia (DO 4 mg l -1 ). Crabs reduced the proportion of time spent feed- ing during hypoxic upwelling conditions except for the most severe events when DO dropped rapidly from normoxia to severe hypoxia. The proportion of time crabs spent feeding did not increase and crabs did not reinvade deeper water habitats during relaxation events, as was hypothesized. These results are somewhat inconsistent with previous studies and we suggest that crabs may have fed on prey other than benthic infauna, or that upwelling events may not have lasted long enough to cause infauna to migrate close enough to the sediment surface to be vulnerable to predation by blue crabs. Our study highlights the importance of examining the complex interaction between the hydrody- namics of episodic events and various behaviors (e.g. feeding and movement) when trying to under- stand the impact of these events on estuarine trophic dynamics.}, number={2003}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Bell, GW and Eggleston, DB and Wolcott, TG}, year={2003}, pages={215–225} }
 @article{bell_eggleston_wolcott_2003, title={Behavioral responses of free-ranging blue crabs to episodic hypoxia. II. Feeding}, volume={259}, DOI={10.3354/meps259227}, abstractNote={Episodic hypoxic events in estuaries can alter the trophic dynamics of important benthic predators. During hypoxic upwelling events mobile predators may reduce their feeding activity as they migrate to relatively shallower, oxygenated water, and may reinvade deep-water habitats during relaxation of hypoxia to exploit vulnerable infaunal prey (e.g. clams and polychaete worms) that have reduced their burial depth in response to hypoxia. We used biotelemetry techniques with concurrent measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) to monitor the feeding and movement responses of free-ranging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus to episodic hypoxic upwelling and subsequent relaxation events within the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA. Although telemetered crabs fed in hypoxic water with DO concentrations as low as 1.01 mg l–1, percent feeding occurrence declined slightly when crabs were exposed to mild (DO = 2 – 4 mg l–1) and severe hypoxia (DO <2 mg l–1), relative to normoxic concentrations (DO > 4 mg l–1). Crabs reduced the proportion of time spent feeding during hypoxic upwelling conditions except for the most severe events when DO dropped rapidly from normoxia to severe hypoxia. The proportion of time crabs spent feeding did not increase and crabs did not reinvade deeper water habitats during relaxation events, as was hypothesized. These results are somewhat inconsistent with previous studies and we suggest that crabs may have fed on prey other than benthic infauna, or that upwelling events may not have lasted long enough to cause infauna to migrate close enough to the sediment surface to be vulnerable to predation by blue crabs. Our study highlights the importance of examining the complex interaction between the hydrodynamics of episodic events and various behaviors (e.g. feeding and movement) when trying to understand the impact of these events on estuarine trophic dynamics.}, number={2003}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, author={Bell, G. W. and Eggleston, David and Wolcott, T. G.}, year={2003}, pages={227–235} }
 @article{hines_jivoff_bushmann_van montfrans_reed_wolcott_wolcott_2003, title={Evidence for sperm limitation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus}, volume={72}, number={2}, journal={Bulletin of Marine Science}, author={Hines, A. H. and Jivoff, P. R. and Bushmann, P. J. and Van Montfrans, J. and Reed, S. A. and Wolcott, D. L. and Wolcott, T. G.}, year={2003}, pages={287–310} }
 @article{turner_wolcott_wolcott_hines_2003, title={Post-mating behavior, intramolt growth, and onset of migration to Chesapeake Bay spawning grounds by adult female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun}, volume={295}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00290-9}, abstractNote={After molting to maturity, female blue crabs must rebuild muscles atrophied to permit molting and grow larger ones commensurate with the larger exoskeleton. They also must acquire energy for oogenesis and for migration to high-salinity spawning habitat, a distance of >150 km for females mating in the Upper Chesapeake Bay. Using telemetry and mark–recapture techniques, post-copulatory females in the upper bay were shown to forage at high rates, alternating between meandering and directed movement in the area of mating for weeks to months, and to begin migrating in October. Consequently, females from the Upper Chesapeake Bay probably do not spawn until the season after mating. Their priority seems to be to acquire energy before migrating. After molting, energy was allocated first into somatic tissue and eventually into hepatopancreas and gonads. Telemetry of feeding and movement showed that habitat utilization, traveling velocities, foraging patterns, and movements were similar to those already determined for males. However, females appeared to invest proportionally more energy (calories per gram dry weight) into their somatic and reproductive tissues than did males. A newly designed transmitter that telemetered depth showed that females moved during both ebbs and floods and remained at or near the bottom of the water column.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Turner, HV and Wolcott, DL and Wolcott, TG and Hines, AH}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={107–130} }
 @article{kendall_wolcott_wolcott_hines_2002, title={Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus}, volume={230}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps230235}, abstractNote={Laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of male Callinectes sapidus (Rathburn) size (larger vs smaller than the size limit of the hard crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, which is 127 mm carapace width) and mating history (recently mated males with depleted seminal stores vs those with fully recovered resources) on number of sperm transferred to females. Females mated by males with fully recovered seminal resources received significantly more sperm than those mated with males that had mated once previously, regardless of male size. No significant difference was found between the number of sperm delivered by small and large males with similar mating history. The sperm content of ejaculates from these laboratory experiments was compared to sperm received by females collected in the field. Only 11 % of field-collected females received an amount of sperm as large as that delivered by the fully recovered males in our laboratory experiments. Of the field collected females, 77 % received much less sperm, similar to or below the number delivered by depleted males in our laboratory experiments.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Kendall, MS and Wolcott, DL and Wolcott, TG and Hines, AH}, year={2002}, pages={235–240} }
 @inproceedings{wolcott_wolcott_hines_medici_2002, title={Migration of adult female blue crabs from mating areas to the maternity suite: When, where, and who cares?}, volume={42}, number={6}, booktitle={Integrative and Comparative Biology}, author={Wolcott, T. G. and Wolcott, D. L. and Hines, A. H. and Medici, D. A.}, year={2002}, pages={1337} }
 @article{kendall_wolcott_wolcott_hines_2001, title={Reproductive potential of individual male blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, in a fished population: depletion and recovery of sperm number and seminal fluid}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1205-7533"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfas-58-6-1168}, abstractNote={We evaluated the depletion and recovery rates of sperm number and vas deferens weight following mating for male Callinectes sapidus both below (<127 mm carapace width) and well above (>140 mm) the fishery size limit for hard crabs in Chesapeake Bay (127 mm). Large males had low sperm count and vas deferens weight immediately after mating and required approximately 9–20 days to fully recover. After mating, small males had significant reduction in sperm number despite no significant change in vas deferens weight. Furthermore, small males with completely recovered seminal stores had significantly lower vas deferens weight than fully recovered large males but did not differ significantly from large males in number of sperm. The changes in vas deferens weight and sperm count following experimental mating suggest that large males delivered 21 times as much seminal fluid and 2.25 times as much sperm as small males. Field collections in a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay revealed that the majority (50–90%) of males had extremely low vas deferens weight relative to males with fully recovered sperm volume. Since the fishery targets males primarily, reducing both the number and average size of males in the population, many females may be mated with small or recently mated males that transfer less seminal material.}, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES}, author={Kendall, MS and Wolcott, DL and Wolcott, TG and Hines, AH}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={1168–1177} }
 @article{wolcott_wolcott_2001, title={Role of Behavior in meeting osmotic challenges}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0003-1569"]}, DOI={10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0795:ROBIMO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Biologists must remember that physiology is the product of natural selection on organisms interacting with heterogeneous environments. “Behaving” organisms may alter the osmotic conditions they experience and achieve results unexpected from laboratory studies. Their ability to exploit environmental heterogeneity depends on its temporal/spatial scale relative to that of the organism, and the correspondence between the osmotic differences and the organism's sensory and osmoregulatory physiology. “Behaviors” include evasion of stressful habitats, selection among differing microenvironments, changing body characteristics that affect salt/water uptake/loss, manipulating fluids differing in osmolytes, and modification of osmotic microenvironments (especially for vulnerable offspring). To draw “comparative and integrative” inferences, investigators must strive to understand an organism's actual challenges by “seeing” the world from its perspective, and then making observations and performing experiments in the context of the “real world” experienced by that organism.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST}, author={Wolcott, TG and Wolcott, DL}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={795–805} }
 @article{clark_wolcott_wolcott_hines_2000, title={Foraging behavior of an estuarine predator, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in a patchy environment}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1600-0587"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.230103.x}, number={1}, journal={ECOGRAPHY}, author={Clark, ME and Wolcott, TG and Wolcott, DL and Hines, AH}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={21–31} }
 @article{clark_wolcott_wolcott_hines_1999, title={Foraging and agonistic activity co-occur in free-ranging blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus): observation of animals by ultrasonic telemetry}, volume={233}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00129-4}, abstractNote={To define the temporal and spatial patterns of agonism and foraging activity in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), we monitored five free-ranging animals in the Rhode River subestuary of the central Chesapeake Bay by ultrasonic telemetry during the summers of 1991–93. The interdependence between the two activities was of special interest. High crab densities have been associated with more frequent aggressive interactions and decreased foraging success in previous laboratory studies. High crab population density is correlated with increased frequency of aggression-related injury (autotomy) and cannibalism in the field. Consequently, we predicted that as crabs aggregate to clam patches during feeding periods in the field, the level of aggressive interactions would increase. In early trials, we collected data on location and agonistic activity (the stereotypical spreading of the chelae in the `meral spread' threat display) of crabs moving freely in the estuary by using single-channel telemetry transmitters. With subsequent technological advancements, we received simultaneous data on agonism and feeding. Crabs exhibited a diel pattern of agonism with peaks in threat display occurring in mornings and sometimes in evenings. Crabs fitted with single-channel telemetry transmitters were observed interacting aggressively most often at times previously identified as feeding periods, although the highest levels of agonism came slightly later than periods associated with the highest levels of feeding. Simultaneous telemetry of the two behaviors indicated that periods of increased agonism and feeding overlapped. Feeding activity tended to wane as threat activity increased, consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive interference impairs foraging.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Clark, ME and Wolcott, TG and Wolcott, DL and Hines, AH}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={143–160} }
 @article{wolcott_wolcott_1999, title={High mortality of piping plovers on beaches with abundant ghost crabs: Correlation, not causation}, volume={111}, number={3}, journal={Wilson Bulletin}, author={Wolcott, D. L. and Wolcott, T. G.}, year={1999}, pages={321–329} }
 @article{clark_wolcott_wolcott_hines_1999, title={Intraspecific interference among foraging blue crabs Callinectes sapidus: interactive effects of predator density and prey patch distribution}, volume={178}, ISSN={["0171-8630"]}, DOI={10.3354/meps178069}, abstractNote={The interactive effects of predator density and prey distribution on the foraging behavior of an important estuarine predator were studied, at a fine temporal scale, using ultrasonic telemetry. The movement and agonistic activity of individual blue crabs Callinectes sapidus were monitored in large field enclosures, in which the density of crabs and the distribution of patches of bivalve prey Macoma balthica were varied. Agonism-related injury in blue crabs is common and may be quite costly. On a scale of days, blue crabs have been shown in previous studies to disperse, sometimes into prey-impoverished areas, in response to conspecific interference. On the scale of minutes to hours addressed in the present study, the density of predators and the distribution of their prey interacted to affect the foraging behavior and success of blue crabs. When only a single clam patch was available, blue crabs at high density interfered with each other's foraging by direct agonistic encounters, shown by an inverse correlation between agonistic activity and foraging success. Conversely, when prey were partitioned into 2 patches, blue crabs at high density apparently dispersed among the patches, thus minimizing direct agonistic clashes. Although crabs reduced the occurrence of agonistic encounters further than the 50 % attributable to their effectively halving their densities on each patch, they did not take refuge in the prey-impoverished areas between experimental patches for significant periods. Instead, they seemed to respond instantaneously to changing degree of risk by moving off the clam patch when another conspecific approached.}, journal={MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES}, author={Clark, ME and Wolcott, TG and Wolcott, DL and Hines, AH}, year={1999}, pages={69–78} }
 @article{kendall_wolcott_1999, title={The influence of male mating history on male-male competition and female choice in mating associations in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun)}, volume={239}, ISSN={["0022-0981"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00022-2}, abstractNote={Male Callinectes sapidus allowed complete recovery of sperm resources and then mated a single time had significantly lower vas deferens weight than males allowed complete recovery of sperm resources but prevented from mating. In laboratory experiments, when a recently mated male (having low sperm volume) competed with a male that had not recently mated (having high sperm volume) for a single pubertal female, the female was just as likely to initiate pairing with the recently mated male as with a male that had not recently mated, despite possible reduction in her fertilization potential. At the end of trials in which stable pair formation occurred, recently mated males were paired significantly more often than males that had not recently mated. The combined effects of the lack of mate choice by females and high mating frequency of some males may result in many females in the population receiving low quantities of sperm.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Kendall, MS and Wolcott, TG}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={23–32} }
 @article{chen_shaw_wolcott_1997, title={Enhancing estuarine retention of planktonic larvae by tidal currents}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0272-7714"]}, DOI={10.1006/ecss.1996.0217}, abstractNote={Abstract To complete their life history, planktonic larvae of many marine species must be retained in or return to estuarine nursery grounds despite net downstream flows. Interactions between tidal currents and behaviour (vertical migration) of larvae are assumed to play an important role in upstream transport or station-holding, but the effects of tidal currents alone have not received close examination. To elucidate their effects, passive particles were followed numerically in a model of idealized flow. The model basin was patterned after the Newport River Narrows, part of a small coastal-plain estuary with simple bathymetry and a well-studied example of larval retention (mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii ). The flow field, governed by an analytical solution of the linearized equation of motion, was forced by oscillating tidal currents at the seaward end of the estuarine channel, and its energy was dissipated by bottom friction and eddy diffusion. Particles released at various locations showed a net upstream drift, produced by the combined effects of: (1) shear in the vertical profile of horizontal velocity; and (2) tidally-induced vertical motion. Velocity of upstream drift could partially offset net downstream transport by river flow. This velocity increased with distance downstream, providing a mechanism tending to stabilize positions of larvae in the basin. Tidal vertical migration of mud crab larvae in nature is in phase with, and presumably reinforced by, the predicted tide-induced vertical motions of the water. The passive, tidally-induced upstream drift could provide an important mechanism, in addition to larval behaviour, for the retention of larvae in estuaries.}, number={4}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Chen, YH and Shaw, PT and Wolcott, TG}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={525–533} }
 @article{wolcott_wolcott_1984, title={IMPACT OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON MACROINVERTEBRATES OF A MID-ATLANTIC BEACH}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0006-3207"]}, DOI={10.1016/0006-3207(84)90100-9}, abstractNote={Potential and actual impacts of off-road vehicle (ORV) use on beach macroinvertebrates were examined on the Cape Lookout National Seashore (North Carolina). Mole crabs Emerita talpoida and coquinas Donax variabilis were not damaged. Ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata were completely protected by burrows as shallow as 5 cm, and therefore were not subject to injury during the day, but they could be killed in large numbers by vehicles while feeding on the foreshore at night. Ghost crab populations on the Seashore were large (10 000 km−1 of beach) and a small proportion of the population would be killed by a single vehicle pass. Nevertheless, predicted population mortalities calculated from observed kills of ghost crabs per vehicle-km ranged from 14–98% for 100 vehicle passes. Currently vehicle use on this beach is light and essentially none occurs on the foreshore after dark. Little impact on beach macroinvertebrates would be expected from this usage pattern. Actual impact on ghost crab populations, assessed by burrow censuses, was negligible. No differences were detected between heavy-use and light-use sites in total population size, average crab size or population change through the heaviest traffic season. However, increases in traffic to levels seen on other beaches, especially night driving, would probably have devastating effects on ghost crab populations. In heavily used areas, banning of ORVs from the foreshore between dusk and dawn may be required to protect this species.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}, author={WOLCOTT, TG and WOLCOTT, DL}, year={1984}, pages={217–240} }