@article{baran_smith_moore_floyd_bocarro_cosco_danninger_2014, title={Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-390X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903973570&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0013916512470134}, abstractNote={This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. Heterogeneous negative binomial regression models indicated that the relationship between park use and types of activity settings, and park use and neighborhood attributes vary by age and gender. In general, the study found that park and activity setting size; activity settings such as playgrounds, basketball courts, pool and water features, shelters, and picnic areas; and availability of sidewalks and intersections in the park’s neighborhood were positively associated with park use, whereas crime, poverty, and racial heterogeneity of the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with park use.}, number={6}, journal={Environment & Behavior}, author={Baran, P.K. and Smith, W.R. and Moore, R.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Cosco, N. and Danninger, T.}, year={2014}, pages={768–800} }
 @article{vann_fisher_jordan_smith_hardy_stewart_2013, title={Potassium Rate and Application Effect on Flue-Cured Tobacco}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875203584&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2012.0259}, abstractNote={Research was conducted at two locations in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effect of various K rates and application methods on the yield and quality of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Treatments included five rates of K from sulfate of potash magnesia (0–0–22): 0, 84, 140, 196, and 252 kg K2O ha−1 that were applied: broadcast 1 mo before transplanting, broadcast 1 wk before transplanting, banded at transplanting, and a split application with one‐half rate banded at transplanting followed by one‐half rate banded at layby. Tissue samples were collected throughout the season at three separate growth stages: layby, topping, and after curing. Tissue samples were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing sugars, N, P, K, and Mg content. Soil samples were collected the same day as K fertilizer application from plots not receiving supplemental K. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at p ≤ 0.05. Application method and timing had no effect on any measured parameters; furthermore, crop yield and quality was not affected by K rates >0 kg K2O ha−1 at three of four locations. It is likely that early broadcast applications of K2O with current rate recommendations would only be of concern with combinations of conditions that included coarse soil textures, low K indices, and/or excessive leaching rainfall.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and Jordan, David L. and Smith, W. David and Hardy, David H. and Stewart, Alexander M.}, year={2013}, pages={304–310} }
 @article{koch_yemshanov_magarey_smith_2012, title={Dispersal of Invasive Forest Insects via Recreational Firewood: A Quantitative Analysis}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec11270}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Recreational travel is a recognized vector for the spread of invasive species in North America. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of the risks posed by such travel and the associated transport of firewood. In this study, we analyzed the risk of forest insect spread with firewood and estimated related dispersal parameters for application in geographically explicit invasion models. Our primary data source was the U.S. National Recreation Reservation Service database, which records camper reservations at >2,500 locations nationwide. For >7 million individual reservations made between 2004 and 2009 (including visits from Canada), we calculated the distance between visitor home address and campground location. We constructed an empirical dispersal kernel (i.e., the probability distribution of the travel distances) from these “origin-destination” data, and then fitted the data with various theoretical distributions. We found the data to be strongly leptokurtic (fat-tailed) and fairly well fit by the unbounded Johnson and lognormal distributions. Most campers (≈53%) traveled <100 km, but ≈10% traveled >500 km (and as far as 5,500 km). Additionally, we examined the impact of geographic region, specific destinations (major national parks), and specific origin locations (major cities) on the shape of the dispersal kernel, and found that mixture distributions (i.e., theoretical distribution functions composed of multiple univariate distributions) may fit better in some circumstances. Although only a limited amount of all transported firewood is likely to be infested by forest insects, this still represents a considerable increase in dispersal potential beyond the insects' natural spread capabilities.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Koch, Frank H. and Yemshanov, Denys and Magarey, Roger D. and Smith, William D.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={438–450} }
 @article{koch_yemshanov_colunga-garcia_magarey_smith_2011, title={Potential establishment of alien-invasive forest insect species in the United States: where and how many?}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1573-1464"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-010-9883-8}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}, author={Koch, Frank H. and Yemshanov, Denys and Colunga-Garcia, Manuel and Magarey, Roger D. and Smith, William D.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={969–985} }
 @article{smith_2009, title={Robustness of risk maps and survey networks to knowledge gaps about a new invasive pest}, journal={Risk Analysis}, author={Smith, W. D.}, year={2009} }
 @article{coulston_koch_smith_sapio_2008, title={Invasive forest pest surveillance: survey development and reliability}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/X08-076}, abstractNote={ Worldwide, a large number of potential pest species are introduced to locations outside their native ranges; under the best possible prevention scheme, some are likely to establish one or more localized populations. A comprehensive early detection and rapid-response protocol calls for surveillance to determine if a pest has invaded additional locations outside its original area of introduction. In this manuscript, we adapt and spatially extend a two-stage sampling technique to determine the required sample size to substantiate freedom from an invasive pest with a known level of certainty. The technique, derived from methods for sampling livestock herds for disease presence, accounts for the fact that pest activity may be low at a coarse spatial scale (i.e., among forested landscapes) but high at a fine scale (i.e., within a given forested landscape). We illustrate the utility of the approach by generating a national-scale survey based on a risk map for a hypothetical forest pest species threatening the United States. These techniques provide a repeatable, cost-effective, practical framework for developing broad-scale surveys to substantiate freedom from non-native invasive forest pests with known statistical power. }, number={9}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Coulston, John W. and Koch, Frank H. and Smith, William D. and Sapio, Frank J.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={2422–2433} }
 @article{burke_troxler_wilcut_smith_2008, title={Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus) Response to Postemergence Herbicides in Cotton}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-183.1}, abstractNote={Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the nature of the cotton postemergence (POST) herbicides followed by (fb) MSMA postemergence-directed (LAYBY) for foliar and tuber reduction of yellow and purple nutsedge when applied to nutsedge at two different application timings. Trifloxysulfuron at 4 and 6 g ai/ha fb MSMA LAYBY reduced 10- to 15- and 20- to 30-cm purple and yellow nutsedge root and shoot dry weights by at least 56%. However, the effect of weed size at the time of application was significant for trifloxysulfuron at 6 g/ha for percent root and shoot reductions in yellow nutsedge and percent root reduction in purple nutsedge. Significance of herbicide rate was only observed for percent shoot and root reduction of 10- to 15-cm yellow nutsedge. Trifloxysulfuron treatments reduced purple and yellow nutsedge shoot and root dry weights equivalent to treatments involving glyphosate POST fb MSMA LAYBY. MSMA at 1,120 and 2,240 g/ha and glufosinate POST fb MSMA LAYBY were effective for reducing purple and yellow nutsedge shoot dry weights, although percent reduction was influenced by nutsedge height at herbicide application. Treatments involving pyrithiobac POST fb MSMA LAYBY slightly increased 10- to 15-cm yellow nutsedge root dry weights. MSMA at either rate produced additive responses when included in tank mixtures with trifloxysulfuron at either rate or pyrithiobac POST fb MSMA LAYBY in yellow nutsedge. Other tank mixes or sequential combinations did not cause additive or synergistic responses.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, Ian C. and Troxler, Shawn C. and Wilcut, John W. and Smith, W. David}, year={2008}, pages={615–621} }
 @article{troxer_fisher_smith_wilcut_2007, title={Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied trifloxysulfuron in tobacco}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-126.1}, number={2}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Troxer, S. C. and Fisher, L. R. and Smith, W. D. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2007}, pages={421–425} }
 @article{fisher_burke_price_smith_wilcut_2006, title={Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root absorbed sulfentrazone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone in flue-cured tobacco transplants}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-05-182.1}, abstractNote={Research was conducted to evaluate root uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-sulfentrazone alone or in a mixture with clomazone in solution in flue-cured tobacco transplants. Uptake and translocation of sulfentrazone was rapid and was not affected by the addition of clomazone. Fifty-nine and 65% of the14C absorbed by the plant was translocated to the leaves within 24 h with sulfentrazone alone and in the clomazone plus sulfentrazone mixture, respectively. Differences in plant metabolism were observed between sulfentrazone alone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone. After 3 h, 66% of the14C recovered from the leaves was metabolized when sulfentrazone was applied alone, compared to 91% when sulfentrazone was applied with clomazone. The difference could indicate that metabolism of sulfentrazone by tobacco transplants was enhanced by the presence of clomazone.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fisher, Loren R. and Burke, Ian C. and Price, Andrew J. and Smith, W. David and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2006}, pages={898–902} }
 @article{porterfield_fisher_wilcut_smith_2005, title={Tobacco response to residual and in-season treatments of CGA-362622}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1614/wt-02-006}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted to determine tobacco tolerance to CGA-362622 applied pretransplant (PRE-T) and postemergence (POST) to tobacco and applied the previous year preemergence (PRE) and POST to cotton. CGA-362622 applied at 3.75 or 7.5 g ai/ha PRE-T injured ‘K326’ flue-cured tobacco 1%, whereas POST treatments resulted in 4 to 5% injury. Tobacco injury was transient with no mid- or late-season injury noted. Tobacco yields from all CGA-362622 POST treatments were not different from the nontreated weed-free check. Tobacco treated with 7.5 g/ha CGA-362622 PRE-T yielded greater than nontreated weed-free tobacco or tobacco treated with CGA-362622 POST. When grown in rotation, tobacco was not injured, and yields were not influenced by CGA-362622 applied PRE or POST to cotton the previous year. Nomenclature: CGA-362622; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Additional index words: Carryover, crop injury, sulfonylurea herbicide. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; LAYBY, late POST-directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; PRE-T, pretransplant.}, number={1}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Porterfield, D. and Fisher, L. R. and Wilcut, J. W. and Smith, W. D.}, year={2005}, pages={05-} }
 @article{thomas_troxler_smith_fisher_wilcut_2005, title={Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-04-085R2}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root-absorbed14C-sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory. Peanut absorbed more than five and three times greater14C-sulfentrazone than pitted morningglory and prickly sida, respectively. All plant species translocated appreciable amounts (≥ 39%) of radioactivity to the leaves. The three plant species had some capacity to metabolize14C-sulfentrazone. At 3 h after treatment, 7, 29, and 71% of the radioactivity in the shoots of peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory, respectively, was sulfentrazone. Sulfentrazone levels in the shoots at 3 and 6 h after treatment correspond to reported tolerance levels, with peanut being the most tolerant of the three species, whereas prickly sida and pitted morningglory are moderately tolerant and completely susceptible to sulfentrazone, respectively. Levels of metabolites varied among species, plant part, and harvest timing. On the basis of these data, tolerance in peanut is largely due to its ability to rapidly metabolize sulfentrazone.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Thomas, WE and Troxler, SC and Smith, WD and Fisher, LR and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={446–450} }
 @article{troxler_burke_wilcut_smith_burton_2003, title={Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied CGA-362622 in purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C-esculentus)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0013:ATAMOF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C–CGA-362622 when foliar-applied to purple and yellow nutsedge. Less than 53% of the herbicide was absorbed after 96 h. Both nutsedge species translocated appreciable amounts of herbicide (30%) out of treated leaves. Translocation was both acropetal and basipetal, with at least 25% transported basipetally. Neither nutsedge species translocated more than 4% of applied radioactivity to the tubers and roots. Most of the metabolites formed by the nutsedge species were more polar than 14C–CGA-362622 and averaged 69 and 61% of the radioactivity in purple and yellow nutsedge, respectively. The half-life of CGA-362622 was estimated at 4 h in both purple and yellow nutsedge. Nomenclature: CGA-362622, N-([4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl]carbamoyl)-3-(2,2,2,-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Troxler, SC and Burke, IC and Wilcut, JW and Smith, WD and Burton, J}, year={2003}, pages={13–18} }
 @article{troxler_askew_wilcut_smith_paulsgrove_2002, title={Clomazone, fomesafen, and bromoxynil systems for bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0838:CFABSF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in bromoxynil-resistant Stoneville BXN 47 cotton. Herbicide systems that included clomazone preemergence (PRE) controlled broadleaf signalgrass, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and prickly sida greater than 88%. Inconsistent Palmer amaranth control was observed with the addition of fomesafen PRE to clomazone PRE and pendimethalin preplant-incorporated (PPI) herbicide systems. Addition of bromoxynil early postemergence (EPOST) to clomazone and pendimethalin systems increased ivyleaf morningglory control to greater than 84% and provided higher yields than did the same systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST followed by (fb) cyanazine + MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) improved weed control in clomazone and pendimethalin systems. Clomazone PRE and pendimethalin PPI with or without fomesafen PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY herbicides controlled weeds and yielded equivalent to the standard herbicide system of pendimethalin PPI fb fluometuron PRE fb bromoxynil EPOST fb LAYBY. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; clomazone; cyanazine; fluometuron; fomesafen; MSMA; pendimethalin; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb) Nash. #3 BRAPP; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. # AMAPA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville BXN 47’. Additional index words: Herbicide-tolerant crops. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Troxler, SC and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Smith, WD and Paulsgrove, MD}, year={2002}, pages={838–844} }
 @book{smith_hafley_1986, title={Multiproduct yield tables for single-thinned loblolly pine [Pinus taeda] plantations}, number={2}, journal={Multiproduct yield tables for single-thinned loblolly pine plantations}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C.: NCSU School of Forest Resources}, author={Smith, W. D. and Hafley, W. L.}, year={1986}, pages={77} }