@article{xie_flippin_deighton_funk_dickey_buchwalter_2009, title={Mercury(II) Bioaccumulation and Antioxidant Physiology in Four Aquatic Insects}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es802323r}, abstractNote={We examined Hg(II) bioaccumulation and compartmentalization patterns in conjunction with antioxidant responses in four aquatic insect species: two caddisflies (Chimarra sp. and Hydropsyche betteni) and two mayflies (Maccaffertium modestum and Isonychia sp). Total antioxidant capabilities differed among unexposed larvae, with both caddisfly species exhibiting elevated antioxidant activities relative to the mayflies. We were able to account for these differences by examining the constitutive activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the four species. We also examined levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and cysteine in the insects. Glutathione peroxidase and SOD were the most responsive to Hg exposure, with GPx catalytic activity increasing between 50 and 310%. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased between 35 and 50%. This SOD suppression was shown to be dose-dependent in both caddisflies, butthe strength of this suppression did not appear to be related to rates of uptake. Surprisingly, little Hg (<10%) was found in the heat-stable cytosolic protein subcellular compartment in each of the four species, suggesting that Hg was not well detoxified. By combining bioaccumulation studies with other physiological measures, we can begin to better understand the consequences of trace metal pollutants in nature.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Xie, Lingtian and Flippin, Jennifer L. and Deighton, Nigel and Funk, David H. and Dickey, David A. and Buchwalter, David B.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={934–940} }
 @article{flippin_hedge_devito_leblanc_crofton_2009, title={Predictive Modeling of a Mixture of Thyroid Hormone Disrupting Chemicals That Affect Production and Clearance of Thyroxine}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1092-874X"]}, DOI={10.1177/1091581809341883}, abstractNote={ Thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting compounds interfere with both thyroidal and extrathyroidal mechanisms to decrease circulating thyroxine (T4). This research tested the hypothesis that serum T4 concentrations of rodents exposed to a mixture of both TH synthesis inhibitors (pesticides) and stimulators of T4 clearance in the liver (polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, PHAHs) could be best predicted by an integrated addition model. Female Long-Evans rats, 23 days of age, were dosed with dilutions of a mixture of 18 PHAHs (2 dioxins, 4 dibenzofurans, and 12 PCBs, including dioxin-like and non-dioxin like PCBs) and a mixture of 3 pesticides (thiram, pronamide, and mancozeb) for four consecutive days. Serum was collected 24 hours after the last exposure and T4 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Animals exposed to the highest dose of the mixture experienced a 45% decrease in serum T4. Three additivity model predictions (dose addition, effect addition, and integrated addition) were generated based on single chemical data, and the results were compared. Effect addition overestimated the effect produced by the combination of all 21 chemicals. The results of the dose- and integrated-addition models were similar, and both provided better predictions than the effect-addition model. These results support the use of dose- and integrated additivity models in predicting the effects of complex mixtures. }, number={5}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY}, author={Flippin, J. L. and Hedge, J. M. and DeVito, M. J. and LeBlanc, G. A. and Crofton, K. M.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={368–381} }