@article{cummings_weber_yelverton_leidy_2009, title={Downward Mobility of C-14-Labeled Simazine in a Bermudagrass System vs. a Fallow Soil System}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2008.05.0297}, abstractNote={Pesticides applied to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) can be captured by the canopy, absorbed by the roots, or bound in the thatch layer, which reduces the amount available to leach compared with a fallow soil system where pesticides may be applied directly to soil. 14 C-Simazine was applied to dormant bermudagrass and fallow soil in lysimeters in a cold growth chamber (5°C) (cold-fallow soil) and to actively growing bermudagrass and fallow soil in lysimeters in a greenhouse (25°C) (warm-fallow soil) in April. Following clipping collection, lysimeters were irrigated with 5 cm of water every 3-4 d, and leachate was collected. After 25 d, lysimeters were divided into 2-cm increments from 0 to 10 cm, then 5-cm increments from 10 to 30 cm. Because of evapotranspiration, actively growing bermudagrass and warm-fallow soil yielded significantly less leachate than dormant bermudagrass and cold-fallow soil indicating less moisture is available for downward movement during summer. After the addition of 31 cm of irrigation, the greatest quantities of 14 C-simazine were in the 0- to 2-cm increment for all treatments and decreased with depth. Although the greatest quantities of 14 C-simazine in leachate occurred in dormant bermudagrass, the reached factor was greatest for cold-fallow soil (0.20), followed by dormant bermudagrass (0.17), warm-fallow soil (0.16), and actively growing bermudagrass (0.14). Therefore, simazine is least mobile in bermudagrass during summer and most mobile in fallow soil in winter.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Cummings, H. D. and Weber, J. B. and Yelverton, F. H. and Leidy, R. B.}, year={2009}, pages={704–713} }
 @article{cummings_brandenburg_leidy_yelverton_2006, title={Impact of fipronil residues on mole cricket (Orthoptera : Gryllotalpidae) behavior and mortality in bermudagrass}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0015-4040"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2006)89[293:IOFROM]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In a greenhouse experiment, fipronil was applied at 0.014 kg ai/ha to bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L., in plastic 5-liter containers 120, 90, 60, 30, and 0 days before adding one tawny mole cricket nymph, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder to the container. After the exposure period, soil in the containers was divided into depth increments of 0-4, 4-8, and 8-18 cm, and cricket status was recorded as dead, absent, or alive by thoroughly examining soil. Soil in the 0-4 cm-increment was analyzed for fipronil and four fipronil metabolite residues. Fipronil residue concentrations decreased with time (C = 0.00002x2 - 0.0053x + 0.3675, R2 = 0.9998 where C = fipronil concentration (μg/g of soil) and x = days after treatment). Concentrations of two metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide, increased as fipronil residues decreased. Each treatment’s affect on late instar mole crickets was significantly different from the non-treated; however, there were no significant differences in nymph status among fipronil-treated containers. Fipronil and residues of its metabolites 120 days after application were 0.047 μg/g of soil and were high enough to kill or repel mole crickets to the same extent as the 0-day treatment, 0.368 μg/g of soil. Repellency of fipronil and its metabolites was significant as the majority of nymphs evacuated or died in the treated containers, but 35 of 37 nymphs were found alive in the non-treated containers.}, number={3}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Cummings, Hennen D. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Leidy, Ross B. and Yelverton, Fred H.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={293–298} }
 @article{williams_linker_waldvogel_leidy_schal_2005, title={Comparison of conventional and integrated pest management programs in public schools}, volume={98}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1275}, abstractNote={Abstract This study compared an integrated pest management (IPM) program with conventional, calendar-based pest control in nine North Carolina elementary schools. Both programs primarily targeted the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The IPM program relied heavily on monitoring and baiting, whereas the conventional approach used baseboard and crack-and-crevice sprays of insecticides. Within the constraints of an existing pest management contract, we quantified service duration, materials used, cost, levels of cockroach infestation, and the pesticide residues generated by the two service types. IPM services were significantly more time-consuming than conventional services, resulting in a significantly higher cost associated with labor. Nevertheless, the two types of treatments incurred similar total costs, and the efficacy of both treatments was also similar. Most importantly, pest monitoring, a central element of the IPM program, revealed few cockroaches and indicated that most of the conventional treatments were unnecessary. Environmental residues of the organophosphate pesticides acephate, chlorpyrifos, and propetamphos were significantly higher in swab samples taken in the conventionally treated schools. This study demonstrates that an IPM program is an appropriate and preferable alternative to conventional methods of pest control in the school environment.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Williams, GM and Linker, HM and Waldvogel, MG and Leidy, RB and Schal, C}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1275–1283} }
 @article{xia_baynes_monteiro-riviere_leidy_shea_riviere_2003, title={A novel in-vitro technique for studying percutaneous permeation with a membrane-coated fiber and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Part I. Performances of the technique and determination of the permeation rates and partition coefficients of chemical mixtures}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0724-8741"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037331884&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1023/A:1022287524024}, number={2}, journal={PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH}, author={Xia, XR and Baynes, RE and Monteiro-Riviere, NA and Leidy, RB and Shea, D and Riviere, JE}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={275–282} }
 @article{senseman_mueller_riley_wauchope_clegg_young_southwick_moye_dumas_mersie_et al._2003, title={Interlaboratory comparison of extraction efficiency of pesticides from surface and laboratory water using solid-phase extraction disks}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf026040z}, abstractNote={A continuation of an earlier interlaboratory comparison was conducted (1) to assess solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Empore disks to extract atrazine, bromacil, metolachlor, and chlorpyrifos from various water sources accompanied by different sample shipping and quantitative techniques and (2) to compare quantitative results of individual laboratories with results of one common laboratory. Three replicates of a composite surface water (SW) sample were fortified with the analytes along with three replicates of deionized water (DW). A nonfortified DW sample and a nonfortified SW sample were also extracted. All samples were extracted using Empore C(18) disks. After extraction, part of the samples were eluted and analyzed in-house. Duplicate samples were evaporated in a 2-mL vial, shipped dry to a central laboratory (SDC), redissolved, and analyzed. Overall, samples analyzed in-house had higher recoveries than SDC samples. Laboratory x analysis type and laboratory x water source interactions were significant for all four compounds. Seven laboratories participated in this interlaboratory comparison program. No differences in atrazine recoveries were observed from in-house samples analyzed by laboratories A, B, D, and G compared with the recovery of SDC samples. In-house atrazine recoveries from laboratories C and F were higher when compared with recovery from SDC samples. However, laboratory E had lower recoveries from in-house samples compared with SDC samples. For each laboratory, lower recoveries were observed for chlorpyrifos from the SDC samples compared with samples analyzed in-house. Bromacil recovery was <65% at two of the seven laboratories in the study. Bromacil recoveries for the remaining laboratories were >75%. Three laboratories showed no differences in metolachlor recovery; two laboratories had higher recoveries for samples analyzed in-house, and two other laboratories showed higher metolachlor recovery for SDC samples. Laboratory G had a higher recovery in SW for all four compounds compared with DW. Other laboratories that had significant differences in pesticide recovery between the two water sources showed higher recovery in DW than in the SW regardless of the compound. In comparison to earlier work, recovery of these compounds using SPE disks as a temporary storage matrix may be more effective than shipping dried samples in a vial. Problems with analytes such as chlorpyrifos are unavoidable, and it should not be assumed that an extraction procedure using SPE disks will be adequate for all compounds and transferrable across all chromatographic conditions.}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Senseman, SA and Mueller, TC and Riley, MB and Wauchope, RD and Clegg, C and Young, RW and Southwick, LM and Moye, HA and Dumas, JA and Mersie, W and et al.}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={3748–3752} }
 @article{judge_neal_leidy_2003, title={Trifluralin (Preen) dissipation from the surface layer of a soilless plant growth substrate}, volume={21}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Judge, C. A. and Neal, J. C. and Leidy, R. B.}, year={2003}, pages={216} }
 @article{xia_leidy_2002, title={A simplified liquid-solid extraction technique for the analyses of pesticide residues in soil samples}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1013017804165}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Xia, XR and Leidy, RB}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={179–190} }
 @article{mersie_clegg_wauchope_dumas_leidy_riley_young_mattice_mueller_senseman_2002, title={Interlaboratory comparison of pesticide recovery from water using solid-phase extraction disks and gas chromatography}, volume={85}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Mersie, W. and Clegg, C. and Wauchope, R. D. and Dumas, J. A. and Leidy, R. B. and Riley, M. B. and Young, R. W. and Mattice, J. D. and Mueller, T. C. and Senseman, S. A.}, year={2002}, pages={1324–1330} }
 @article{xia_leidy_2001, title={Preparation and characterization of porous silica coated multifibers for solid-phase microextraction}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0003-2700"]}, DOI={10.1021/ac001273f}, abstractNote={C18-bonded silica-coated multifibers were prepared and studied as a stationary phase for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The porous multifiber SPME provided larger absorption capacity and higher absorption rate compared to a polymer-coated single fiber. Its absorption rate was 10 times higher than that of a commercial 100-microm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-coated fiber. Its high extraction efficiency enabled the positive identification of unknown compounds at sub-part-per-billion level in full-scan mode with a benchtop quadruple GC/MS. The desorption temperature indicated that the analyte interactions with the C18-bonded silica were stronger than those with the PDMS polymer. The dependence of the equilibration time on the molecular weight was not observed for the porous multifiber SPME. The boundary layer between the fiber coating and the sample matrix could be the absorption control step in SPME under mild agitation. The special experimental conditions in the porous multifiber SPME, such as air interference and polar organic solvent wetting, were investigated.}, number={9}, journal={ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Xia, XR and Leidy, RB}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={2041–2047} }
 @article{stout_leidy_2000, title={A preliminary examination of the translocation of microencapsulated cyfluthrin following applications to the perimeter of residential dwellings}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1532-4109"]}, DOI={10.1080/03601230009373284}, abstractNote={Abstract Methods have been developed to monitor the translocation of microencapsulated cyfluthrin following perimeter applications to residential dwellings. A pilot study was implemented to determine both the potential for application spray to drift away from dwellings and the intrusion of residues into homes following perimeter treatments. Residential monitoring included measuring spray drift using cellulose filter paper and the collection of soil samples from within the spray zone. In addition, interior air was monitored using fiberglass filter paper as a sorbent medium and cotton ball swabs were used to collect surface wipes. Fortification of matrixes resulted in recoveries of >90%. Spray drift was highest at the point of application and declined to low but measurable levels 9.1m from the foundations of dwellings. Soil residues declined to low, but measurable levels by 45 days post‐application. No cyfluthrin was measured from indoor air; however, some interior surfaces had detectable levels of cyfluthrin until three days post‐application. Findings indicate that spray drift resulting from perimeter applications might contaminate non‐target surfaces outside the spray zone. Soil borne residues may serve as persistent sources for human exposure and potentially intrude into dwellings through the activities of occupants and pets. Residues do not appreciably translocate through air and consequently inhalation is not a likely route for human exposure. Surface residues detected indoors suggest that the physical movement of residues from the exterior to the interior might be a viable route of movement of residues following this type of application.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES}, author={Stout, DM and Leidy, RB}, year={2000}, pages={477–489} }
 @article{weber_wilkerson_linker_wilcut_leidy_senseman_witt_barrett_vencill_shaw_et al._2000, title={A proposal to standardize soil/solution herbicide distribution coefficients}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0075:APTSSS]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Herbicide soil/solution distribution coefficients (Kd) are used in mathematical models to predict the movement of herbicides in soil and groundwater. Herbicides bind to various soil constituents to differing degrees. The universal soil colloid that binds most herbicides is organic matter (OM), however clay minerals (CM) and metallic hydrous oxides are more retentive for cationic, phosphoric, and arsenic acid compounds. Weakly basic herbicides bind to both organic and inorganic soil colloids. The soil organic carbon (OC) affinity coefficient (Koc) has become a common parameter for comparing herbicide binding in soil; however, because OM and OC determinations vary greatly between methods and laboratories, Koc values may vary greatly. This proposal discusses this issue and offers suggestions for obtaining the most accurate Kd, Freundlich constant (Kf), and Koc values for herbicides listed in the WSSA Herbicide Handbook and Supplement. Nomenclature: Readers are referred to the WSSA Herbicide Handbook and Supplement for the chemical names of the herbicides.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Weber, JB and Wilkerson, GG and Linker, HM and Wilcut, JW and Leidy, RB and Senseman, S and Witt, WW and Barrett, M and Vencill, WK and Shaw, DR and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={75–88} }
 @article{walker_holman_leidy_2000, title={ELISA and GC/MS analysis of pesticide residues in North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1093-474X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04249.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Studies were conducted to analyze the presence of 11 pesticide residues in 12 surface waters in the Piedmont and coastal plain regions of North Carolina. Samples were assayed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). All ELISA results of one part per billion (ppb, μg/L) or greater were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCIMS). ELISA detection limits were approximately an order of magnitude higher than GCJMS methods. Of the 5,035 analytical results from 742 surface water samples, atrazine was detected in approximately 45 percent of the samples, five of which were at or above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 3‐ppb. Metolachlor was detected in 64 percent of the samples. Aldicarb, 2,4‐D, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were also detected, and each was found in less than 12 percent of the samples. The remaining pesticides, including carbaryl, acetochior, methomyl, carbofuran, and alachlor, were not detected during the study period.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Walker, AE and Holman, RE and Leidy, RB}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={67–74} }
 @article{holman_leidy_walker_2000, title={Evaluation of selected pesticides in North Carolina surface water supplies: Intake study}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1093-474X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04250.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Studies were conducted to analyze the presence of 11 selected pesticides in 12 surface water supply intakes in the Piedmont and coastal plain regions of North Carolina. Samples were assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Samples with pesticide detection of 1 μg/L or greater were extracted and confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Detection limits of the immunosorbent assays for pesticide residues were generally an order of magnitude higher than GC/MS. Atrazine was detected in approximately 45 percent of the samples, and on two occasions was at or above the lifetime Maximum Contaminant Level of 3.0 μg/L set by the Environmental Protection Agency for an annual average in finished drinking water. Metolachlor was detected in 58 percent of the samples. Of the remaining nine pesticides, including carbaryl, aldicarb, 2,4‐D, chiorpyrifos, acetochlor, methomyl, carbofuran, alachlor, and chlorothalonil, only aldicarb, 2,4‐D, and chlorpyrifos were detected in less than 9 percent of the samples for each pesticide.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Holman, RE and Leidy, RB and Walker, AE}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={75–85} }
 @article{mueller_senseman_wauchope_clegg_young_southwick_riley_moye_dumas_mersie_et al._2000, title={Recovery of atrazine, bromacil, chlorpyrifos, and metolachlor from water samples after concentration on solid-phase extraction disks: Interlaboratory study}, volume={83}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Mueller, T. C. and Senseman, S. A. and Wauchope, R. D. and Clegg, C. and Young, R. W. and Southwick, L. M. and Riley, M. B. and Moye, H. A. and Dumas, J. A. and Mersie, W. and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={1327–1333} }
 @article{shea_penmetsa_leidy_1999, title={Enantiomeric and isomeric separation of pesticides by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography}, volume={82}, number={6}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Shea, D. and Penmetsa, K. V. and Leidy, R. B.}, year={1999}, pages={1550–1561} }
 @article{mahnken_skroch_leidy_sheets_1999, title={Metolachlor and simazine in surface runoff water from a simulated container plant nursery}, volume={13}, number={4}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Mahnken, G. E. and Skroch, W. A. and Leidy, R. B. and Sheets, T. J.}, year={1999}, pages={799–806} }
 @article{ryals_genter_leidy_1998, title={Assessment of surface water quality on three eastern North Carolina golf courses}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1934:AOSWQO>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The golf course industry has become increasingly aware of potential problems related to pesticide and fertilizer movement from soil into surface water and groundwater. Recently, the industry has started to change application practices and pesticide formulations and to participate in routine monitoring studies. Three southeastern North Carolina golf courses agreed to participate in a surface water quality study to determine the movement of fertilizers and related pesticides into surface waters. All three golf courses have ponds that provide irrigation water, from which samples were collected every two weeks. Each course has a sandy loam soil and adjoins wetlands, saline marshes, or elevated water tables. The data indicate that impact to the surface waters from the courses was minimal. Of the four pesticides (atrazine, chlorothalonil [Daconil®], chlorpyrifos [Dursban®], and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and two nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate) surveyed, only 16 samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's health advisory levels. All analyses of the samples collected from the outflows of the courses were below their detectable levels.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Ryals, SC and Genter, MB and Leidy, RB}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1934–1942} }
 @article{belding_blankenship_young_leidy_1998, title={Composition and variability of epicuticular waxes in apple cultivars}, volume={123}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Belding, R. D. and Blankenship, S. M. and Young, E. and Leidy, R. B.}, year={1998}, pages={348–356} }
 @article{leidy_sheets_melton_house_1998, title={Residues of iprodione and dimethomorph on flue-cured and burley tobaccos}, volume={42}, number={1998}, journal={Tobacco Science}, author={Leidy, R. B. and Sheets, T. J. and Melton, T. A. and House, J.}, year={1998}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{ryals_genter_leidy_1998, title={Shaker bath adaptation to the environmental protection agency's cadmium column reduction method (Method 353.3) for the determination of nitrate in water samples}, volume={60}, number={4}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Online)}, author={Ryals, S. C. and Genter, M. B. and Leidy, R.}, year={1998}, pages={519–524} }
 @article{penmetsa_leidy_shea_1997, title={Analysis of primisulfuron and triasulfuron in water and soil samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography}, volume={766}, ISSN={["0021-9673"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030972670&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01051-5}, abstractNote={A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed to separate and determine residues of two sulfonylurea herbicides (primisulfuron and triasulfuron) in water and soil samples. Fortified water samples were extracted by solvent partitioning with methylene chloride and analysis by CE. Fortified soil samples were extracted by shaking in methanol–phosphate buffer (1:1) followed by partitioning of the residues into methylene chloride and analysis by CE. The method was simple, rapid and yielded excellent recoveries. Average recoveries were greater than 90% for both herbicides fortified at 10 μg/l in lakewater samples and at 50 μg/kg in soil samples. Our results demonstrate that capillary electrophoresis provides a powerful analytical tool for determination of the residues of primisulfuron and triasulfuron in water and soil samples.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A}, author={Penmetsa, KV and Leidy, RB and Shea, D}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={225–231} }
 @article{penmetsa_leidy_shea_1997, title={Enantiomeric and isomeric separation of herbicides using cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis}, volume={790}, ISSN={["0021-9673"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031475018&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00765-6}, abstractNote={Cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE) was applied successfully to the enantiomeric and isomeric separation of three herbicides (imazaquin, diclofop and imazamethabenz). Commercially available cyclodextrins were evaluated for separation of the enantiomers and isomers of the three herbicides having varied molecular structures. The enantiomers of imazaquin and diclofop, and the isomers of imazamethabenz could be resolved with a resolution of ≥1.5. The resolution was found to depend on pH of the run buffer, cyclodextrin type and cyclodextrin concentration. By employing mixed cyclodextrins in the running buffer, the three herbicides were simultaneously separated in a single run. In addition, rapid (less than 3 min) enantiomeric separation is demonstrated using imazaquin as a model herbicide. The reported capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods are simple, rapid, efficient and reproducible and our results demonstrate that CE provides a powerful analytical tool for enantiomeric and isomeric separation of herbicides.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A}, author={Penmetsa, KV and Leidy, RB and Shea, D}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={225–234} }
 @article{kay_monk_leidy_1997, title={Preliminary evaluation of the effects of fluridone in irrigation water on container-grown azalea}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Kay, S. H. and Monk, D. W. and Leidy, R. B.}, year={1997}, pages={60–62} }
 @article{afyuni_wagger_leidy_1997, title={Runoff of two sulfonylurea herbicides in relation to tillage system and rainfall intensity}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050018x}, abstractNote={The use of sulfonylurea herbicides is increasing because they are used at very low rates and offer greater weed management flexibility in pre- and postemergence programs. Information is needed on the off-site movement of these compounds under different tillage systems. Our objective was to evaluate the runoff potential of chlorimuron ethyl [(2-[[[((4-chloro-6-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl) amino]carbonyl]-amino]sulfonyl] benzoic acid)], nicosulfuron ((2[[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide)], and bromide in conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems under simulated rainfall. The soil types were a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) at a Coastal Plain location and a Pacolet sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) at a Piedmont location. The first simulated rainfall event (30 min) consisted of a low (1.27 cm h -1 ) or high (5.08 cm h -1 ) rate applied 24 h after herbicide and bromide application. One week later, the high rainfall rate was repeated on all plots. Consistently greater runoff occurred with CT compared to NT. Runoff differences between tillage systems were more pronounced for the second rainfall simulation and also with the Piedmont soil. The average herbicide losses from the initial high rainfall simulation were 1.2 and 2.2% of the total application (0.014 kg ha -1 ) for CT and NT, respectively, at the Coastal Plain location. Similar results were obtained at the Piedmont location. Mean herbicide losses during the second rainfall simulation represented <0.2% of the applied rate. There were no detectable concentrations of either herbicide found in the sediment phase of runoff. On the basis of these results, it is not expected that chlorimuron or nicosulfuron pose a significant threat to the environment via transport in runoff.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Afyuni, MM and Wagger, MG and Leidy, RB}, year={1997}, pages={1318–1326} }
 @article{penmetsa_leidy_shea_1997, title={Separation of fungicides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0173-0835"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031039532&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/elps.1150180210}, abstractNote={Capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (CE/UV) of selected fungicides (carbendazim, metalaxyl, propiconazole, and vinclozolin) using different buffer compositions was investigated. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0) was not useful in separating the four fungicides used in this study. However, the four fungicides were well resolved by employing micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Among the two surfactants tested in MEKC, bile salts provided better separation compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A buffer consisting of 10 mM sodium phosphate with 100 mM sodium cholate and 10% methanol (pH 7.0) gave best results; excellent separation of the four compounds was achieved in less than 15 min. The CE/UV method was validated by analyzing deionized and lake‐water samples fortified with known concentrations of the four fungicides. Average recoveries of the fungicides in lake water at 4 μg/L level ranged from 42 to 87%.}, number={2}, journal={ELECTROPHORESIS}, author={Penmetsa, KV and Leidy, RB and Shea, D}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={235–240} }
 @article{leidy_wright_dupree_1996, title={Distribution of chlorpyrifos in air and on surfaces following crack and crevice application to rooms}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1573-2959"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00414372}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Leidy, RB and Wright, CG and Dupree, HE}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={253–263} }
 @inbook{leidy_wright_dupree_1993, title={Exposure levels to indoor pesticides}, ISBN={084122627X}, booktitle={Pesticides in urban environments : fate and significance}, publisher={Washington, DC : American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Leidy, R. B. and Wright, C. G. and Dupree, H. E., Jr.}, editor={K. D. Racke and Leslie, A. R.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={282} }
 @article{leidy_wright_dupree_1991, title={APPLICATOR EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS OF A TERMITICIDE FORMULATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0007-4861"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01688637}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={LEIDY, RB and WRIGHT, CG and DUPREE, HE}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={177–183} }
 @article{leidy_wright_1991, title={TRAPPING EFFICIENCY OF SELECTED ADSORBENTS FOR VARIOUS AIRBORNE PESTICIDES}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0360-1234"]}, DOI={10.1080/03601239109372743}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to compare the efficiency of five adsorbents used by government and private laboratories to collect airborne pesticides. Six pesticides, acephate, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, heptachlor, and propoxur, were vaporized in a closed system and collected on each of the adsorbents, Chromosorb 102, ORBO 42, ORBO 44 (chlordane and heptachlor only), polyurethane foam (PUF) or Tenax GC, by drawing 250 L of air through the adsorbent. There were no differences in collection efficiency of the five pesticides on Chromosorb 102, ORBO's 42/44, and PUF. The efficiency with Tenax was somewhat less with several of the pesticides.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES}, author={LEIDY, RB and WRIGHT, CG}, year={1991}, pages={367–382} }
 @article{leidy_shoemaker_sheets_main_1989, title={EBDC and ETU residues in Burley tobacco treated with mancozeb}, volume={191}, number={11}, journal={Tobacco International}, author={Leidy, R. B. and Shoemaker, P. B. and Sheets, T. J. and Main, C. E.}, year={1989}, pages={42} }
 @article{merriam_leidy_axtell_1981, title={Efficacy and longevity of controlled-release chlorpyrifos (DursbanR 10CR) for mosquito control in coastal dredged material disposal sites}, volume={41}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Merriam, T. L. and Leidy, R. B. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1981}, pages={512–522} }
 @article{leidy_sheets_sorensen_1978, title={Residues of acephate and methamidophos in greenhouse tomatoes}, volume={103}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Leidy, R. B. and Sheets, T. J. and Sorensen, K. A.}, year={1978}, pages={392} }