@article{passeport_hunt_2009, title={Asphalt parking lot runoff nutrient characterization for eight sites in North Carolina, USA}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(352)}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to characterize asphalt parking lot runoff quality and determine factors influencing nutrient concentrations and loads. Event mean concentrations (EMCs) and loads were measured from eight asphalt parking lots in North Carolina using automated flow meters and rain gauges. The number of water quality samples collected varied from 11 to 26 per site. EMCs and loads were statistically analyzed for six nutrient forms: total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ortho-phosphate. The mean EMCs (in mg/L) were 1.57, 1.19, 0.32, 0.36, 0.19 and 0.07, respectively. Nitrogen species’ concentrations were slightly lower than those from highway runoff found in the literature; whereas, phosphorus EMCs were similar to those in highway runoff. Current load prediction models, generally based on highway or roadway nutrient concentrations, are therefore expected to over-estimate nitrogen loads from asphalt parking lots. Spring and summer pr...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hydrologic Engineering}, author={Passeport, E. and Hunt, W. F.}, year={2009}, pages={352–361} }
 @article{passeport_hunt_line_smith_brown_2009, title={Field Study of the Ability of Two Grassed Bioretention Cells to Reduce Storm-Water Runoff Pollution}, volume={135}, ISSN={["1943-4774"]}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000006}, abstractNote={Two grassed bioretention cells including internal storage zones (ISZs) were monitored for 16 months in central North Carolina. Each cell had a surface area of 106 m2 and fill media depths were 0.75 and 1.05 m for the north (North) and the south (South) cells, respectively. Asphalt parking lot inflow and outflows were analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus forms and fecal coliform (FC). Outflow volumes and peak flows for individual storms were generally less than those of inflow. Overall, except for N O2,3 –N , effluent nitrogen species event mean concentrations (EMCs) and loads were significantly (α=0.05) lower than those of the inflow, and nitrogen species load reductions ranged from 47 to 88%. Apart from fall and winter, during which a longer hydraulic contact time seemed to be needed, the ISZs appeared to improve denitrification. Total phosphorus (TP) and OP O4 -P EMCs were significantly lower than those of the inlet. Reductions were 58% (South) and 63% (North) for TP and 78% (North) and 74% (South) for ...}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING}, author={Passeport, Elodie and Hunt, William F. and Line, Daniel E. and Smith, Ryan A. and Brown, Robert A.}, year={2009}, pages={505–510} }