@article{lucier_walter_rizkalla_zia_klein_2011, title={Development of a rational design methodology for precast concrete slender spandrel beams: Part 2, analysis and design guidelines}, DOI={10.15554/pcij.09012011.106.133}, abstractNote={This paper summarizes the results of an analytical research program undertaken to develop a rational design procedure for normalweight precast concrete slender spandrel beams. The analytical and rational models use test results and research findings of an extensive experimental program presented in the companion paper "Development of a Rational Design Methodology for Precast Concrete Slender Spandrel Beams: Part 1, Experimental Results," which appeared in the Spring 2011 issue of PCI Journal. The overall research effort demonstrated the validity of using open web reinforcement in precast concrete slender spandrel beams and proposed a simplified procedure for design. The webs of such slender spandrels, particularly in their end regions, are often heavily congested with reinforcing cages when designed with current procedures. The experimental and analytical results demonstrate that open web reinforcement designed according to the proposed procedure is safe and effective and provides an efficient alternative to traditional closed stirrups for precast concrete slender spandrel beams.}, journal={PCI Journal}, author={Lucier, Gregory and Walter, C. and Rizkalla, S. and Zia, P. and Klein, G.}, year={2011}, pages={106–133} }
 @article{rosenboom_walter_rizkalla_2009, title={Strengthening of prestressed concrete girders with composites: Installation, design and inspection}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1879-0526"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.11.010}, abstractNote={The application of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) or steel reinforced polymer (SRP) materials to the tension side of a reinforced/prestressed concrete member has been accepted as a strengthening technique to increase the load carrying capacity and in some cases can enhance member serviceability. Proper installation and regular inspection of a composite (FRP or SRP) strengthening system is important since quality of the bond is essential to internally transfer forces. This paper describes an experimental programme conducted to study the behaviour of six prestressed concrete bridge girders, which were tested under static and fatigue loading conditions. The test results were combined with the results of 16 other girders tested by the authors to develop structural design guidelines and guidelines on the installation and inspection of composite strengthening systems. The behaviour was also examined using value engineering to evaluate the cost-effectiveness by investigating the overall system performance. Research findings indicate that SRP materials are more structurally efficient than carbon FRP (CFRP) materials. The results of an inspection demonstration programme, including the pull-off testing of over 150 CFRP samples, has shown that the most effective inspection techniques are visual inspection, pull-off testing, and acoustic sounding.}, number={4}, journal={CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS}, author={Rosenboom, Owen and Walter, Catrina and Rizkalla, Sami}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={1495–1507} }