@article{moore_munana_papich_nettifee-osborne_2010, title={Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in healthy dogs following oral administration of single and multiple doses}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950965044&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.3.337}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To measure pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam (LEV) after single-dose oral administration in healthy dogs and determine whether pharmacokinetics changed after repeated oral dosing.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—Pharmacokinetics were calculated following administration of a single dose (mean, 21.7 mg/kg, PO; day 1) and after administration of the last dose following administration for 6 days (20.8 to 22.7 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h; days 2 to 7). Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by use of a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption.
Results—Peak concentration occurred 0.6 hours after administration of the first dose, with an absorption half-life of 0.06 hours. Minimal accumulation occurred over the 7 days, with only a slight increase in total area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 268.52 ± 56.33 h·μg/mL (mean ± SD) to 289.31 ± 51.68 h·μg/mL after 7 days. Terminal half-life was 2.87 ± 0.21 hours after the first dose and 3.59 ± 0.82 hours after the last dose on day 7. Trough plasma concentrations were variable, depending on the time of day they were measured (morning trough concentration, 18.42 ± 5.16 μg/mL; midday trough concentration, 12.57 ± 4.34 μg/mL), suggesting a diurnal variation in drug excretion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the pharmacokinetics of LEV did not change appreciably after administration of multiple doses over 7 days. Administration of LEV at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 8 hours to healthy dogs yielded plasma drug concentrations consistently within the therapeutic range established for LEV in humans.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Moore, Sarah A. and Munana, Karen R. and Papich, Mark G. and Nettifee-Osborne, Julie}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={337–341} }
 @article{evans_netiffee-osborne_webb_jay_flammer_2009, title={Assessment of the Microbial Quality of Water Offered to Captive Psittacine Birds}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/2008-017R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract To investigate potential water-source microbes, 44 samples of water offered to individually caged psittacine birds were aseptically collected from 14 bird-owning households and evaluated for the presence of coliforms, Escherichia coli, heterotrophic bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No samples were positive for E coli; however, 21 of 25 water samples (84%) from open containers and 7 of 19 samples (37%) from bottles exceeded US Environmental Protection Agency standards for coliforms. Fourteen of 24 open containers (58%) and 7 of 19 bottles (37%) grew heterotrophic bacteria that exceeded 500 colonies/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from water samples from 1 open container and 1 bottle. These results suggest that potentially pathogenic bacteria can be found in water offered to companion psittacine birds. Additional studies are needed to assess whether these bacteria are clinically important causes of disease and to develop husbandry methods that will reduce contamination.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Evans, Erika E. and Netiffee-Osborne, Julie and Webb, Donna and Jay, Paula and Flammer, Keven}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={10–17} }