@article{allen_allen_boyd_alston-mills_fenner_2006, title={Determination of membrane lipid differences in insulin resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 in whites and blacks}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0899-9007"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nut.2006.07.007}, abstractNote={Insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) can result from membrane lipid alterations. Blacks are at a higher risk of developing DM2; therefore, we investigated whether membrane lipid differences exist between blacks and whites and if differences contribute to impaired insulin binding in diabetes. Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). Diabetic subjects who had DM2 with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy were matched by age and sex. The following determinations were made: fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, plasma lipid profile, red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids and cholesterol, and RBC insulin binding. The membrane lipid analysis showed racial differences in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). The plasma membrane of whites showed higher PE and lower PC levels than that in blacks. The RBC rheologic (PE/phosphatidyl serine) properties (deformability) were lower in diabetics and black subjects. The saturated nature of RBC ([sphingomyelin + PC)/(PE + phosphatidyl serine]) was the lowest in white control subjects (P < 0.056). The combination of increased saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased saturated nature, and increased cholesterol/phospholipid can contribute to decreased membrane fluidity, resulting in insulin resistance. Also, decreased RBC deformability can make oxygen delivery through the capillaries difficult, create tissue hypoxia, and contribute to some of the known complications of diabetes. Membrane lipid alteration may be one of the reasons for a higher incidence of diabetes among blacks.}, number={11-12}, journal={NUTRITION}, author={Allen, Hengameh G. and Allen, Jonathan C. and Boyd, Leon C. and Alston-Mills, Brenda P. and Fenner, Gregory P.}, year={2006}, pages={1096–1102} }
 @article{birch_fenner_watkins_boyd_2001, title={Antioxidant properties of evening primrose seed extracts}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf010542f}, abstractNote={The antioxidant activity of extracts of evening primrose seeds (SE) and a commercially extracted filter cake (FC) were determined. The SE and FC were extracted with methanol/water (9:1) followed by evaporation and concentration. Extracts were tested in a bulk oil system and an oil-in-water emulsion using safflower oil as the major source of lipids. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared to that of a control and to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), singly, and in combination. Antioxidant activity was measured by the co-oxidation of beta-carotene, an oxidative stability instrument, conjugated dienes, and headspace analysis of hexanal. The SE extract had greater antioxidant activity than the FC extract. The SE extract was more effective in controlling the oxidation in the oil-in-water model system than in the bulk oil system. The activity of SE was concentration dependent, and at higher concentrations the SE was as effective as BHT, but it required higher concentrations because of its lack of purity. Synergism between SE and BHT was demonstrated in both model systems.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Birch, AE and Fenner, GP and Watkins, R and Boyd, LC}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={4502–4507} }
 @article{adcox_boyd_oehrl_allen_fenner_2001, title={Comparative effects of phytosterol oxides and cholesterol oxides in cultured macrophage-derived cell lines}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf001175v}, abstractNote={The cytotoxicity of cholesterol and a mixture of β-sitosterol/campesterol (50%/40%) and their oxides was examined in a cultured-derived macrophage cell line, C57BL/6. Cell numbers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, protein content, lipid uptake, and mitochondria dehydrogenase activity were determined after exposure of cell mononlayers to sterols and sterol oxides at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for up to 120 h. Results indicate that the oxides of cholesterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol exhibited similar patterns of toxicity as indicated by LDH leakage, cell viability, and mitochondria dehydrogenase activity. Greatest cell damage was associated with treatments containing 5α,6α-epoxide or cholesterol oxides, followed by β-sitosterol/campesterol oxides, cholesterol, and β-sitosterol. The oxides of β-sitosterol/campesterol caused less LDH leakage and less of an effect on protein content. Results of this study demonstrate that phytosterols contained in vegetable oils, when subjected to frying conditions, do oxidize and may cause cellular damage in an in vitro cell line similar to cholesterol oxides, although less severe. Keywords: Phytosterols; cholesterol; sterol oxides; macrophage}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Adcox, C and Boyd, L and Oehrl, L and Allen, J and Fenner, G}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={2090–2095} }
 @article{oehrl_hansen_rohrer_fenner_boyd_2001, title={Oxidation of phytosterols in a test food system}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0003-021X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11746-001-0391-z}, abstractNote={Abstract The oxidative stability of phytosterols in canola, coconut, peanut, and soybean oils was examined under simulated frying conditions of 100, 150, and 180°C for 20 h. The degree of oxidative decomposition was assessed by the loss of phytosterols, accumulation of phytosterol oxides, and the change in fatty acid profiles. The phytosterol oxides produced in the oils were identified using mass spectroscopy. Oils with higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids showed greater amounts of sterol loss; however, the sterol loss was less complete than in the more saturated oils. A greater variety of sterol oxides was observed at the lower temperatures of 100 and 150°C compared to 180°C. This study demonstrates that under conditions similar to frying, there is a loss of phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The accumulation of phytosterol oxides may be temperature‐limited because of further break‐down into products not measurable by typical gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Oehrl, LL and Hansen, AP and Rohrer, CA and Fenner, GP and Boyd, LC}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={1073–1078} }
 @article{burkey_wei_eason_ghosh_fenner_2000, title={Antioxidant metabolite levels in ozone-sensitive and tolerant genotypes of snap bean}, volume={110}, ISSN={["0031-9317"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.110208.x}, abstractNote={Ozone-sensitive and tolerant genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared for differences in leaf ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) content to determine whether antioxidant levels were related to ozone tolerance. Seven genotypes were grown in pots under field conditions during the months of June and July. Open top chambers were used to establish either a charcoal filtered (CF) air control (36 nmol mol−1 ozone) or a treatment where CF air was supplemented with ozone from 8:00 to 20:00 h with a daily 12 h mean of 77 nmol mol−1. Fully expanded leaves were analyzed for ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, glutathione, guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and α-tocopherol. Leaf ascorbic acid was the only variable identified as a potential factor in ozone tolerance. Tolerant genotypes contained more ascorbic acid than sensitive lines, but the differences were not always statistically significant. Genetic differences in glutathione and α-tocopherol were also observed, but no relationship with ozone tolerance was found. Guaiacol peroxidase activity and leaf α-tocopherol content increased in all genotypes following a one week ozone exposure, indicative of a general ozone stress response. Ozone had little effect on the other variables tested. Overall, ozone sensitive and tolerant plants were not clearly distinguished by differences in leaf antioxidant content. The evidence suggests that screening for ozone tolerance based on antioxidant content is not a reliable approach.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Burkey, KO and Wei, CM and Eason, G and Ghosh, P and Fenner, GP}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{ghosh_fenner_1999, title={Improved method for gas chromatographic analysis of genistein and daidzein from soybean (Glycine max) seeds}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf990157e}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUECommunicationNEXTImproved Method for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Genistein and Daidzein from Soybean (Glycine max) SeedsParthasarathi Ghosh and Gregeory P. FennerView Author Information Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7620Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 9, 3455–3456Publication Date (Web):August 11, 1999Publication History Received22 February 1999Published online11 August 1999Published inissue 1 September 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990157eCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views361Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (35 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Chromatography,Ethers,Flavonoids,High-performance liquid chromatography,Plant derived food Get e-Alerts}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Ghosh, P and Fenner, GP}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={3455–3456} }
 @article{almonor_fenner_wilson_1998, title={Temperature effects on tocopherol composition in soybeans with genetically improved oil quality}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0003-021X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11746-998-0070-3}, abstractNote={Tocopherol, a natural antioxidant, typically accounts for a small percentage of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) oil. Alleles that govern the expression of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean germplasm are influenced by temperature. However, little is known about the environmental influences on tocopherol expression. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on tocopherol composition in soybean germplasm that exhibit homozygous recessive and dominant alleles that govern the predominant ω-6 and ω-3 desaturases. The control cv. Dare and three low-18:3 genotypes (N78-2245, PI-123440, N85-2176) were grown under controlled-temperature environments during reproductive growth. Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature. The relative strength of this correlation was greater in the germplasm that exhibited homozygous alleles governing the ω-6 desaturase than those governing the ω-3 desaturase. The decline in total tocopherol with reduced temperature was attributed predominantly to loss of γ-tocopherol. However, γ-tocopherol concentration also was directly related to 18:3 concentration in all genotypes. Thus, low-18:3 oils contained both a lower content and a lower concentration of γ-tocopherol. Although the biochemical basis for this observation is unknown, the antioxidant capacity of γ-tocopherol appeared to be directly associated with changes in oil quality that were mediated more by genetic than by environmental influences on 18:3 concentration. Another aspect of this work showed that low-18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α-tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments. This condition should be regarded as another beneficial aspect of plant breeding approaches to the improvement of soybean oil quality.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY}, author={Almonor, GO and Fenner, GP and Wilson, RF}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={591–596} }
 @article{fenner_raphiou_1995, title={Growth of Cucurbita maxima L. plants in the presence of the cycloartenol synthase inhibitor U18666A}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1007/BF02537829}, abstractNote={Squash, like other Cucurbitaceae, have unique sterol profiles that offer an excellent opportunity to examine the relationship between sterol biosynthesis and plant growth. To determine the effect of sterol biosynthesis inhibition on squash growth, Cucurbita maxima seedlings with and without cotyledons were subjected to increasing concentrations of the cycloarternol synthase (EC 5.4.99.8) inhibitor 3 beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androstenone (U18666A). Inhibition of shoot growth was concentration-dependent (from 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 microM); plants with intact cotyledons grew to 26.4, 23.7, 21.6, 20.0, and 15.6 cm, respectively, at the above inhibitor concentrations, compared to 25.5, 19.4, 17.0, 12.0, and 11 cm for plants with severed cotyledons. In plants with severed cotyledons, 10 and 20 microM U18666A caused rapid necrosis of the first two, newly emerged, primary leaves, and halted new leaf formation. Secondary root formation was initially affected at all inhibitor concentrations regardless of whether cotyledons were present or not. Vegetative tissue showed a decrease in the accumulation of the major squash sterol, 7,22-stigmastadienol, accompanied by increased accumulation of minor sterol components. Sterol profiles in cotyledons were unaltered. The data show that sterols are crucial for maintaining plant growth and viability, but do not address the cotyledonary effect on growth with respect to sterol biosynthesis.}, number={3}, journal={Lipids}, author={Fenner, G. P. and Raphiou, I.}, year={1995}, pages={253} }