@article{tolbert_spencer_lynch_papich_lidbury_2020, title={Capsule endoscopy detects insufficient treatment of gastric bleeding in a dog with chronic hepatitis}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001238}, abstractNote={A five‐year‐old dog was presented for a chronic non‐regenerative anaemia, copper‐associated chronic hepatitis and suspected portal hypertension. The anaemia was suspected to be from gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and persisted despite chronic omeprazole treatment (1.1 mg/kg orally every 12 hours). Capsule endoscopy confirmed severe gastric bleeding. A pH capsule was orally administered to evaluate the efficacy of gastric acid suppressant treatment. The mean gastric pH of the dog over the three‐hour monitoring period was 4.7, and the percentage time that the intragastric pH were ≥3 and 4 were 100 per cent and 99 per cent, respectively. Substantial upper GI bleeding persisted despite excellent gastric acid suppression, bringing into question the value of routinely recommending such therapy in dogs with hepatic failure without additional monitoring for adequacy of treatment.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Tolbert, M. Katherine and Spencer, Ashley and Lynch, Alex M. and Papich, Mark G. and Lidbury, Jonathan A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{tolbert_stauffer_gookin_2013, title={Feline Tritichomonas foetus adhere to the intestinal epithelium by receptor-ligand-dependent mechanisms}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.019}, abstractNote={Tritrichomonas foetus (TF) is a protozoan that infects the feline ileum and colon resulting in chronic diarrhea. Up to 30% of young purebred cats are infected with TF and the infection is recognized as pandemic. Only a single drug, characterized by a narrow margin of safety and emerging development of resistance, is effective for treatment. While the venereal pathogenicity of bovine TF is attributed to adherence to uterovaginal epithelium, the pathogenesis of diarrhea in feline TF infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model of feline TF adhesion to intestinal epithelium. Confluent monolayers of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were infected with axenic cultures of feline TF that were labeled with [(3)H] thymidine or CFSE and harvested at log-phase. The effect of multiplicity and duration of infection, viability of TF, binding competition, formalin fixation and cytoskeletal inhibitors on adherence of feline TF to IPEC-J2 monolayers was quantified by liquid scintillation counting and immunofluorescence. [(3)H] thymidine and CFSE-labeled TF reproducibly adhered to IPEC-J2 monolayers. Clinical isolates of feline TF adhered to the intestinal epithelium in significantly greater numbers than Pentatrichomonas hominis, the latter of which is a presumably nonpathogenic trichomonad. Adhesion of TF required viable trophozoites but was independent of cytoskeletal activity. Based on saturation and competition binding experiments, adherence of feline TF to the epithelium occurred via specific receptor-ligand interactions. The developed model provides a valuable resource for assessing pathogenic mechanisms of feline TF and developing novel pharmacologic therapies for blocking the adhesion of feline TF to the intestinal epithelium.}, number={1-3}, journal={Veterinary Parasitology}, author={Tolbert, M.K. and Stauffer, S.H. and Gookin, J.L.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={75–82} }
 @article{tolbert_leutenegger_lobetti_birrell_gookin_2012, title={Species identification of trichomonads and associated coinfections in dogs with diarrhea and suspected trichomonosis}, volume={187}, ISSN={["0304-4017"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.031}, abstractNote={Trichomonads have been infrequently reported in the feces of dogs where their pathogenicity remains uncertain. It is currently unknown whether Tritrichomonas foetus or Pentatrichomonas hominis is identified more commonly in dogs with trichomonosis or how often these infections are accompanied by concurrent enteric infectious agents. The objective of this study was to determine the identity of trichomonads present in a series of 38 unsolicited canine diarrheic fecal samples submitted for T. foetus diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing between 2007 and 2010. We also examined each fecal sample for an association of trichomonosis with concurrent infection using a convenient real-time PCR panel for nine gastrointestinal pathogens. P. hominis, T. foetus, or both were identified by PCR in feces of 17, 1, and 1 dogs respectively. Feces from the remaining 19 dogs were PCR negative for T. foetus, P. hominis and using broader-spectrum Trichomonadida primers. The total number and specific identities of concurrent enteropathogens identified did not differ between fecal samples from dogs that were or were not identified by PCR as infected with trichomonads. These results suggest that P. hominis infection is more frequently identified than T. foetus infection in diarrheic dogs with trichomonosis and that concurrent enteropathogen infection is common in this population.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Tolbert, M. K. and Leutenegger, C. M. and Lobetti, R. and Birrell, J. and Gookin, J. L.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={319–322} }
 @article{tolbert_brown_rakich_radlinsky_ward_2009, title={Dermoid cysts presenting as enlarged thyroid glands in a cat}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfms.2009.02.005}, abstractNote={ A 5-year-old spayed female cat was evaluated for hyperthyroidism based on an elevated free thyroxine (T4) measurement and bilaterally enlarged symmetric subcutaneous masses in the area of the thyroid glands. Physical examination revealed bilateral subcutaneous masses on either side of the cervical trachea. Blood was obtained for serum biochemical profile and thyroid function analysis. Mild hyperalbuminemia, mild hypercalcemia, and mildly increased alanine aminotransferase activity were identified. Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine were within the reference interval. Cytologic analysis of fine-needle aspirates from one of the masses was suspicious for neoplasia. Nuclear scintigraphy revealed no abnormalities. Surgically obtained excisional biopsies of both masses were submitted for histopathology and diagnosed as bilateral dermoid cysts. After excisional biopsy, the patient recovered without incident. The histopathologic diagnosis of completely excised bilateral dermoid cysts indicated that no further medical or surgical intervention was required. This is the first report of a cat presenting with bilateral dermoid cysts in the area of the thyroid glands. Histopathologic examination was necessary to make a definitive diagnosis. Practitioners should include cysts in their list of differential diagnoses for ventral neck masses in cats. }, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Tolbert, Katherine and Brown, Holly M. and Rakich, Pauline M. and Radlinsky, Mary Ann G. and Ward, Cynthia R.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={717–719} }
 @article{tolbert_gookin_2009, title={Tritrichomonas foetus: A new agent of feline diarrhea}, volume={31}, number={8}, journal={Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians}, author={Tolbert, M. K. and Gookin, J. L.}, year={2009}, pages={374-} }