@article{oviedo-rondon_wineland_small_cutchin_mcelroy_barri_martin_2009, title={Effect of incubation temperatures and chick transportation conditions on bone development and leg health}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00135}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Bone development can be adversely affected by stressful environmental conditions early in life. One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of low temperature during early incubation, high temperature during late incubation, and transportation conditions from hatchery to the farm on the long bone development and leg health of broilers. Bone development was evaluated at hatch before transportation. Gait scores and leg health disorders were recorded at 41 d of age. Although incubation conditions did not affect chick BW, hot temperatures during late incubation reduced the relative weight of femurs and shanks. At 41 d, males had more leg problems than females. Late high temperature and transportation stress increased the incidence of crooked toes and the percentage of chickens with a gait score of 2. Transportation stress, including elevated temperature, caused a greater incidence of twisted legs. We concluded that low early incubation temperature, high late incubation temperature, and transportation stress can increase the incidence of leg problems in commercial broilers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Small, J. and Cutchin, H. and McElroy, A. and Barri, A. and Martin, S.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={671–678} }
 @article{cutchin_wineland_christensen_davis_mann_2009, title={Embryonic development when eggs are turned different angles during incubation}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00079}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Not turning eggs during incubation or turning at a reduced angle could potentially reduce the incidence of hot spots in machines, thereby lessening the chance of embryonic mortality and decreased hatchling quality caused by overheating. Not turning eggs can also allow more eggs to be placed in an incubator by designing the machine with trays closer together. However, eggs that are not turned during incubation exhibit a higher frequency of embryonic developmental deficiencies and a reduced hatch compared with turned eggs. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a reduced turning angle on embryonic and extraembryonic development. Turning eggs 15° caused an increase in embryonic mortality from d 11 to 16 and d 17 to 21 and an overall decrease in hatch when compared with turning eggs 45°. There was no difference in area vasculosa at d 3 but there was a reduced amount of subembryonic fluid at d 6. Overall, it was determined that a reduced turning angle decreases the hatch of fertile eggs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Cutchin, H. R. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensen, V. L. and Davis, S. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2009}, pages={447–451} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_wineland_funderburk_small_cutchin_mann_2009, title={Incubation conditions affect leg health in large, high-yield broilers}, volume={18}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2008-00127}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00127}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Leg problems are observed in every flock of broilers, and they occur more frequently in heavy, fast-growing broilers. Factors such as genetics, growth rate, stressors, nutrition, and lighting programs can contribute to and change the prevalence of these problems in broiler production. Our previous research has shown that elevated incubation temperatures and oxygen concentrations below 21% during the last days of embryo development can negatively affect thyroid hormones, relative asymmetry and normal development of leg bones, and development of other tissues and organs that influence leg health and locomotion in broilers. This project evaluated the effects of incubation profiles on leg health of high-yielding broilers at 8 wk of age under commercial conditions. Eggs from the same breeder flocks were incubated in either single-stage or multistage machines. Hatchlings were placed in paired houses on the same farms, and at 56 d of age, leg health was evaluated. There was variability among farms and hatches: leg problems such as footpad dermatitis were more closely related to farm conditions, whereas valgus and especially hock burns were influenced by incubation conditions within each farm. However, this fieldwork demonstrated that proper incubation conditions improve broiler performance, especially in females (1.2%); may reduce leg health problems such as crooked toes; and may even improve locomotion.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Funderburk, S. and Small, J. and Cutchin, H. and Mann, M.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={640–646} }