@article{davis_doane_knop_knop_dubielzig_colitz_argueso_sullivan_2013, title={Characterization of ocular gland morphology and tear composition of pinnipeds}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Davis, R. K. and Doane, M. G. and Knop, E. and Knop, N. and Dubielzig, R. R. and Colitz, C. M. H. and Argueso, P. and Sullivan, D. A.}, year={2013}, pages={269–275} }
 @article{davis_yi_salmon_charlton_colitz_gilger_2012, title={Sustained-Release Celecoxib from Incubated Acrylic Intraocular Lenses Suppresses Lens Epithelial Cell Growth in an Ex Vivo Model of Posterior Capsule Opacity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1080-7683"]}, DOI={10.1089/jop.2011.0196}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine whether celecoxib (CXB) can be released from incubated intraocular lenses (IOLs) sufficiently to inhibit lens epithelial cell (LEC) growth in an ex vivo model of posterior capsule opacification (PCO).


MATERIALS
LEC growth was evaluated for 14 days in canine lens capsules (LCs) that had been exposed to media containing 20 μM CXB for 1-5 days. After the incubation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic IOLs in CXB solution, the determination of the in vitro release of CXB from the IOLs was performed for up to 28 days. The incubated and nonincubated IOLs were evaluated in the ex vivo model of PCO, and the rate of LEC growth was evaluated over 28 days.


RESULTS
The treatment of LCs with 20 μM CXB for 4 and 5 days completely inhibited LEC growth. LEC repopulation did not occur after the removal of CXB. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels theoretically sufficient to inhibit PCO. LCs in the ex vivo model of PCO treated with acrylic IOLs incubated in CXB had significantly suppressed LEC ingrowth compared with untreated and IOL-only LCs.


CONCLUSIONS
A 4-day treatment of LCs with a concentration of 20 μM CXB may effectively prevent PCO. IOLs incubated in CXB for 24 h resulted in a sustained release of CXB in vitro at levels sufficient to inhibit LEC growth in the ex vivo model of PCO. Further studies are needed to determine whether CXB-incubated IOLs can effectively prevent the development of PCO in vivo.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Davis, Jennifer L. and Yi, Na Young and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Charlton, Anna N. and Colitz, Carmen M. H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{broadwater_colitz_carastro_saville_2010, title={Tear production in normal juvenile dogs}, volume={13}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, author={Broadwater, J. J. and Colitz, C. and Carastro, S. and Saville, W.}, year={2010}, pages={321–325} }
 @article{goralska_nagar_colitz_fleisher_mcgahan_2009, title={Changes in Ferritin H- and L-Chains in Canine Lenses with Age-Related Nuclear Cataract}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0146-0404"]}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.08-2230}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine potential differences in the characteristics of the iron storage protein ferritin and its heavy (H) and light (L) subunits in fiber cells from cataractous and noncataractous lenses of older dogs.


METHODS
Lens fiber cell homogenates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and ferritin chains were immunodetected with ferritin chain-specific antibodies. Ferritin concentration was measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize ferritin chains in lens sections.


RESULTS
The concentration of assembled ferritin was comparable in noncataractous and cataractous lenses of similarly aged dogs. The ferritin L-chain detected in both lens types was modified and was approximately 11 kDa larger (30 kDa) than standard L-chain (19 kDa) purified from canine liver. The H-chain identified in cataractous fiber cells (29 kDa) differed from the 21-kDa standard canine H-chain and from the 12-kDa modified H-chain present in fiber cells of noncataractous lenses. Histologic analysis revealed that the H-chain was distributed differently throughout cataractous lenses compared with noncataractous lenses. There was also a difference in subunit makeup of assembled ferritin between the two lens types. Ferritin from cataractous lenses contained more H-chain and bound 11-fold more iron than ferritin from noncataractous lenses.


CONCLUSIONS
There are significant differences in the characteristics of ferritin H-chain and its distribution in canine cataractous lenses compared with noncataractous lenses. The higher content of H-chain in assembled ferritin allows this molecule to sequester more iron. In addition, the accumulation of H-chain in deeper fiber layers of the lens may be part of a defense mechanism by which the cataractous lens limits iron-catalyzed oxidative damage.}, number={1}, journal={INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE}, author={Goralska, Malgorzata and Nagar, Steven and Colitz, Carmen M. H. and Fleisher, Lloyd N. and McGahan, M. Christine}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={305–310} }
 @article{gilger_salmon_yi_barden_chandler_wendt_colitz_2008, title={Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States}, volume={69}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1329}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine the role of intraocular bacteria in the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in horses from the southeastern United States by evaluating affected eyes of horses with ERU for bacterial DNA and intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira spp.
Sample Population—Aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum samples of 24 clinically normal horses, 52 horses with ERU, and 17 horses with ocular inflammation not associated with ERU (ie, non-ERU inflammation).
Procedures—Ribosomal RNA quantitative PCR (real-time PCR) assay was used to detect bacterial DNA in aqueous humor and vitreous humor from clinically normal horses (n = 12) and horses with chronic (> 3-month) ERU (28). Aqueous humor and serum were also evaluated for anti-Leptospira antibody titers from clinically normal horses (n = 12), horses with non-ERU inflammation (17), and horses with confirmed chronic ERU (24).
Results—Bacterial DNA was not detected in aqueous humor or vitreous humor of horses with ERU or clinically normal horses. No significant difference was found in titers of anti-Leptospira antibodies in serum or aqueous humor among these 3 groups. Only 2 horses, 1 horse with ERU and 1 horse with non-ERU inflammation, had definitive intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira organisms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses from the southeastern United States, Leptospira organisms may have helped initiate ERU in some, but the continued presence of the organisms did not play a direct role in the pathogenesis of this recurrent disease.}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Gilger, Brian C. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Yi, Na Y. and Barden, Curtis A. and Chandler, Heather L. and Wendt, Jennifer A. and Colitz, Carmen M. H.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1329–1335} }
 @article{colitz_davidson_gilger_2002, title={Bilateral proliferative keratitis in a Domestic Long-haired cat}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00221.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA 9‐year‐old, female spayed, Domestic Long‐haired cat was presented with bilateral, progressive, pink−white corneal opacities. The referring veterinarian had diagnosed feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) keratitis though diagnostics for FHV‐1 had not been performed and treatment with antibiotics and antivirals did not improve the condition. Histopathology showed neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes, but no eosinophils or mast cells. Routine diagnostics did not find an underlying cause, but Southern blot analysis for FHV‐1 was positive. The cat responded to topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine when used consistently.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Colitz, CMH and Davidson, MG and Gilger, BC}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={137–140} }
 @article{colitz_lewbart_davidson_2002, title={Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00233.x}, abstractNote={AbstractAn adult male Savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) was presented for bilateral lens opacities that had progressed rapidly over the previous 2 months. A diagnosis of bilateral mature cataracts was made and phacoemulsification cataract extraction was performed. Surgery restored vision and normal activity to the patient.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Colitz, CMH and Lewbart, G and Davidson, MG}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={207–209} }
 @article{latimer_colitz_campbell_papich_2001, title={Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of fluconazole following repeated oral dosing in horses}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1606}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in horses.Animals—6 clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Fluconazole (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intravenously or orally with 2 weeks between treatments. Plasma fluconazole concentrations were determined prior to and 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after administration. A long-term oral dosing regimen was designed in which all horses received a loading dose of fluconazole (14 mg/kg) followed by 5 mg/kg every 24 hours for 10 days. Fluconazole concentrations were determined in aqueous humor, plasma, CSF, synovial fluid, and urine after administration of the final dose.Results—Mean (± SD) apparent volume of distribution of fluconazole at steady state was 1.21 ± 0.01 L/kg. Systemic availability and time to maximum plasma concentration following oral administration were 101.24 ± 27.50% and 1.97 ± 1.68 hours, respectively. Maximum plasma concentrations and terminal halflives after IV and oral administration were similar. Plasma, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and urine concentrations of fluconazole after long-term oral administration of fluconazole were 30.50 ± 23.88, 14.99 ± 1.86, 14.19 ± 5.07, 11.39 ± 2.83, and 56.99 ± 32.87 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Bioavailability of fluconazole was high after oral administration to horses. Long-term oral administration maintained plasma and body fluid concentrations of fluconazole above the mean inhibitory concentration (8.0 mg/ml) reported for fungal pathogens in horses. Fluconazole may be an appropriate agent for treatment of fungal infections in horses. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1606–1611).}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Latimer, FG and Colitz, CMH and Campbell, NB and Papich, MG}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1606–1611} }
 @article{colitz_malarkey_dykstra_mcgahan_davidson_2000, title={Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of lens capsular plaques in dogs with cataracts}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.139}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the multifocal adherent plaques that commonly develop on the internal surfaces of the anterior and posterior lens capsules in dogs with cataracts.Sample Population—31 anterior and 4 posterior capsular specimens collected during lens extraction surgery in dogs with cataracts.Procedure—Specimens were evaluated, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize cytokeratin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle-specific actin, fibronectin, tenascin, and transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) within plaques.Results—Histologically, plaques comprised elongated spindle-shaped cells that formed a placoid mass. Cells were embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibrils, often with duplicated or split basement membranes. Immunohistochemically, normal lens epithelial cells and cells within plaques stained for vimentin. Most cells and some areas of the extracellular matrix within plaques stained for TGF-β and α-smooth muscle-specific actin. Fibronectin and tenascin were also detected in the extracellular matrix.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine lens capsular plaques are histologically and immunohistochemically similar to posterior capsule opacification and subcapsular cataracts in humans, which suggests that the canine condition, like the human conditions, is associated with fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor-β may play a role in the genesis of capsular plaques. Because severity of plaques was correlated with stage of cataract development, earlier surgical removal of cataracts may be useful to avoid complications associated with plaque formation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:139–143)}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Colitz, CMH and Malarkey, D and Dykstra, MJ and McGahan, MC and Davidson, MG}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={139–143} }
 @article{hoppes_gurfield_flammer_colitz_fisher_2000, title={Mycotic keratitis in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742(2000)014[0185:MKIABF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mycotic keratitis is most commonly reported in horses and humans and is rarely reported in birds. We diagnosed mycotic keratitis, localized to the left eye, in an adult blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). The ophthalmic examination revealed a diffuse yellow-green haze encompassing the entire surface of the left cornea. Diffuse fluorescein uptake occurred in the entire cornea. The right eye appeared normal. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated on conjunctival culture. The affected eye was enucleated because of the bird's discomfort and the poor prognosis for successful treatment. Histopathologic examination revealed a severe granulomatous keratitis with intracorneal fungal hyphae and corneal perforation. Multinucleated giant cells and fungal hyphae were present within the anterior chamber. Aspergillus fumigatus is an uncommon cause of keratitis in birds but should be considered as a potential cause of refractory ulcers.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Hoppes, S and Gurfield, N and Flammer, K and Colitz, C and Fisher, P}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={185–189} }
 @article{colitz_malarkey_woychik_wilkinson_2000, title={Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in transgenic line TgN3261Rpw}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, DOI={10.1354/vp.37-5-422}, abstractNote={ Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous are congenital ocular anomalies that can lead to cataract formation. A line of insertional mutant mice, TgN3261Rpw, generated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in a large-scale insertional mutagenesis program was found to have a low incidence (8/243; 3.29%) of multiple developmental ocular abnormalities. The ocular abnormalities include persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis, failure of cleavage of the anterior segment, retrolental fibrovascular membrane, posterior polar cataract, and detached retina. This transgenic mouse line provides an ontogenetic model because of the high degree of similarity of this entity in humans, dogs, and mice. }, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Colitz, CMH and Malarkey, DE and Woychik, RP and Wilkinson, JE}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={422–427} }
 @article{kordick_breitschwerdt_hegarty_southwick_colitz_hancock_bradley_rumbough_mcpherson_maccormack_1999, title={Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina}, volume={37}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Kordick, S. K. and Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Hegarty, B. C. and Southwick, K. L. and Colitz, C. M. and Hancock, S. I. and Bradley, J. M. and Rumbough, R. and McPherson, J. T. and MacCormack, J. N.}, year={1999}, pages={2631–2638} }
 @article{colitz_davidson_mcgahan_1999, title={Telomerase activity in lens epithelial cells of normal and cataractous lenses}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0014-4835"]}, DOI={10.1006/exer.1999.0739}, abstractNote={Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein responsible for maintaining telomere length, preventing chromosomal degradation and recombination, and repairing DNA strand breaks. These activities are believed to be important in preventing cell senescence. Telomerase activity is normally found in germinal, neoplastic and stem cells, but not any ocular tissue studied to date. The epithelium of the crystalline lens is comprised of a population of cells with diverse mitotic potential including the germinative epithelium which contains cells with the potential for unlimited replicative capacity, equatorial cells which terminally differentiate into lens fibers, and the central epithelium which are considered to be quiescent and nonreplicative under normal circumstances. We speculated that the germinative region of lens epithelial cells might have telomerase activity, and that dysregulation of its activity might be associated with cataractogenesis. We investigated these hypotheses in lens capsule specimens from normal and cataractous dogs and from cultures of canine lens epithelial cells using standard assays for telomerase activity and telomere length. Telomerase activity was found in normal canine lens epithelial cells in the central, germinative and equatorial regions of the anterior lens capsule at equivalent levels. Similar findings were made in feline and murine lens epithelial cells, indicating that the presence of telomerase activity in the lens was not species specific. Lens fiber cells, corneal epithelium and endothelium and nonpigmented ciliary epithelium were telomerase negative. Telomerase activity and telomere lengths were significantly greater in lens epithelia from cataractous lenses when compared with normal lenses. Since telomerase activity is associated with an immortal phenotype, the presence of telomerase activity in the lens epithelial cells may function to prevent conversion to senescence. It was, therefore, difficult to explain why these cells cannot be passaged more than four times in culture. We found that telomerase activity and telomere lengths gradually decreased with increased passages until telomerase activity was no longer present at passage two. Consistent with these findings, there were no senescent cells present on the lens capsule when the lens was initially dissected for culture, but an increasing number of cells were senescent with each passage, correlating well with the loss of telomerase activity. Telomerase activity is likely important in the germinative epithelium to maintain its proliferative potential and prevent cell senescence. Telomerase may function in the quiescent, central lens to maintain telomeres damaged by oxidative stress and ultraviolet light exposure, thereby preventing accelerated loss of these elements which triggers cell senescence. It remains to be determined if the increase in telomerase activity in lens epithelial cells from cataractous lenses is a primary dysregulation that may have a role in the development of the cataract, or is secondary to cataract formation.}, number={6}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH}, author={Colitz, CMH and Davidson, MG and McGahan, MC}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={641–649} }
 @article{gilger_davidson_colitz_1998, title={Experimental implantation of posterior chamber prototype intraocular lenses for the feline eye}, volume={59}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Gilger, B. C. and Davidson, M. G. and Colitz, C. M. H.}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1339–1343} }