@article{espinoza_allen_mckeand_dougherty_2012, title={Stem sinuosity in loblolly pine with nitrogen and calcium additions}, volume={265}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.026}, abstractNote={Abstract Stem sinuosity is a deformation that occurs in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.), and in many other pine species, that frequently affects the quality of the wood and hence, the final products. This deformation occurs mainly on the stem and has been associated with nutritional and physiological disorders. Nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) are two important elements affecting the formation, growth, membrane stability and maintenance of tree cell integrity. We hypothesized that high N and low Ca availability could be a cause for sinuous growth in young loblolly pine. A trial was established in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina using different loblolly pine genotypes to evaluate sinuosity when nitrogen fertilizer was applied with and without calcium additions. Eight genotype blocks were fertilized with N (224 kg ha −1 ) as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and Ca (168 kg ha −1 ) as CaSO 4 . Nutrient concentrations from flushing shoot tissue were examined and then correlated with stem sinuosity. Nitrogen additions caused significant increases in both stem sinuosity and N concentrations. Calcium additions reduced stem sinuosity and mitigated the negative effect of N addition when it was applied with N. The magnitude of the effect of nutrient additions observed in the eight genotypes used, however, suggests that long-term trials composed of more genotypes need to be established in order to confirm the effect of Ca, N and genotype on stem sinuosity found on this study. Our findings infer that the appropriate nutrient balance and selection of genetic material are important to provide good growth and acceptable stem form when managing stands of loblolly pine.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Espinoza, J. A. and Allen, H. L. and McKeand, S. E. and Dougherty, P. M.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={55–61} }
 @article{albaugh_allen_dougherty_johnsen_2004, title={Long term growth responses of loblolly pine to optimal nutrient and water resource availability}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.002}, abstractNote={A factorial combination of four treatments (control (CW), optimal growing season water availability (IW), optimum nutrient availability (FW), and combined optimum water and nutrient availability (FIW)) in four replications were initiated in an 8-year-old Pinus taeda stand growing on a droughty, nutrient-poor, sandy site in Scotland County, NC and maintained for 9 years. Results for the first 4 years after treatment initiation at this study were first reported by Albaugh et al. [For. Sci. 44 (1998) 317]. The site is primarily nutrient limited and all measured stand parameters (height, basal area, leaf area index, live crown length, stem mass accumulation, current annual stem mass increment) were increased with fertilization throughout the study period. Irrigation effects were also positive for these parameters but the increases were much smaller than those found with fertilization. For example, 9 years after treatment initiation, standing stem mass was increased 100 and 25% by fertilization and irrigation, respectively, while current annual increment of stem biomass production was increased 119 and 23% by fertilization and irrigation, respectively. Interestingly, stem density (stems ha−1) was not significantly affected by treatment in any year of the study. Growth efficiency (stem mass increment per unit leaf area index) was 1.9 Mg ha−1 per year per LAI for CW and influenced by treatment with IW, FW, and FIW achieving growth efficiencies of 2.4, 2.7 and 2.9 Mg ha−1 per year per LAI, respectively. Growth efficiency appeared to be relatively stable in the last 4 years of the study. Ring specific gravity was measured in the third, fourth, and fifth years after treatment initiation. An average reduction in ring specific gravity of 7.5% was observed with fertilization while irrigation had little effect on specific gravity in any year measured. The continuation of high growth rates with no observable growth decline in the treated stands throughout the 9-year study may be a function of the age of the stands when treatments were initiated (8 years), the very poor initial nutrient and moisture availability, and/or the application of an ongoing optimum nutrient regime at the site. The fertilized plots are now at or near an age and a size when a commercial harvest would be feasible. For the stand conditions at this site, then, the optimum nutrient availability plots have achieved high productivity throughout the economic life of the stand without measurable declines in stand productivity.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Albaugh, TJ and Allen, HL and Dougherty, PM and Johnsen, KH}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={3–19} }
 @misc{maier_albaugh_allen_dougherty_2004, title={Respiratory carbon use and carbon storage in mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations: the effect of site resources on the stand carbon balance}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1365-2486"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00809.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY}, author={Maier, CA and Albaugh, TJ and Allen, HL and Dougherty, PM}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={1335–1350} }
 @article{johnsen_wear_oren_teskey_sanchez_will_butnor_markewitz_richter_rials_et al._2001, title={Carbon sequestration and southern pine forests}, volume={99}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Johnsen, K. H. and Wear, D. and Oren, R. and Teskey, R. O. and Sanchez, F. and Will, R. and Butnor, J. and Markewitz, D. and Richter, D. and Rials, T. and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={14–21} }
 @article{ewers_oren_albaugh_dougherty_1999, title={Carry-over effects of water and nutrient supply on water use of Pinus taeda}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0513:COEOWA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={A study of the effects of nutrients and water supply (2 × 2 factorial experiment) was conducted in a 12-yr-old stand of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) during a period in which soil moisture was not augmented by irrigation because of frequent rain events. Information on the responses of sapwood-to-leaf area ratio and early-to-late wood ratio, to four years of treatments led to the hypothesis that the combination of increased nutrient and water supply (IF treatment) will increase tree transpiration rate per unit leaf area (EC,1) above EC,1 in the control (C), as well as increasing EC,1 above that when either the supply of water (I) or of nutrients (F) is increased. We further hypothesized that canopy transpiration (EC) will rank IF > F > I = C, based on the ranking of leaf area index (L) and assuming that the ranking of EC,1 is as first hypothesized. We rejected our first hypothesis, because F had lower EC,1 than the other treatments, rather than IF having higher values. We could not reject the second hypothesis; the ranking of average daily EC was 1.8 mm for IF, 1.2 mm for F, and 0.7 mm for both C and I (se < 0.1 mm for all treatments). Thus, it was the lower EC,1 of the F treatment, relative to IF, that resulted in ranking of EC similar to that hypothesized. Lower EC,1 in F trees was found to relate to lower canopy stomatal conductance, even though soil moisture conditions during the time of the study were similar in all treatments. Only trees in the F treatment absorbed a substantial amount of water (25%) below 1 m in the soil. These results indicate a “carry-over” effect of irrigation when combined with fertilization that increases EC in irrigated trees, relative to unirrigated trees, even under conditions when soil moisture is high and similar in all treatments.}, number={2}, journal={Ecological Applications}, author={Ewers, B. E. and Oren, R. and Albaugh, T. J. and Dougherty, P. M.}, year={1999}, pages={513–525} }
 @inbook{sampson_dougherty_allen_1998, title={An index for assessing climate change and elevated carbon dioxide effects on loblolly pine productivity}, ISBN={0387948511}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_21}, abstractNote={Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests represent the major forest type in the southern United States. The loblolly pine region extends from Delaware and centraI Maryland south to central Florida and west to eastern Oklahoma and Texas (Fowells, 1965). The wide range of loblolly pine largely results from its rapid growth and its successful adaptation to many varieties of soil types and environmental conditions. These and other factors have made loblolly pine an important commercial species in the region. However, although loblolly pine occurs on a many types of sites, its commercial value, as measured by net primary productivity (NPP), varies tremendously and is strongly determined by variability in the local climate and stand and site conditions (McNulty et al., 1997). Uncertainty regarding potential changes in climate as a result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has caused concern for the future commercial viability of loblolly pine forests.}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of Southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment.  (Ecological studies; 128)}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Sampson, D. A. and Dougherty, P. M. and Allen, Howard}, editor={Mickler, R. A. and Fox, S.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={367–389} }
 @inbook{dougherty_allen_kress_murthy_maier_albaugh_sampson_1998, title={An investigation of the impacts of elevated CO2, irrigation, and fertilization on the physiology and growth of loblolly pine}, ISBN={0387948511}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_9}, abstractNote={Southern pine forests that are dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are the most intensively managed forests in the United States. They provide more than 50% of the total softwood being harvested annually in the United States and represent the first or second most economically important agricultural crops in nine of the twelve southeastern states (U.S. Department Agriculture Forest Service, 1988). Thus, any changes in environmental conditions that will alter productivity of these forests will have important ecological, economical, and sociological consequences. Over the past several decades, the environment of southeastern forests has been changing. Increases in acidic deposition (SO4 and NOx), nitrogen inputs (Husar, 1986), atmospheric CO2 concentration (Conway et al., 1988; Keeling et al., 1989), and tropospheric ozone have all been documented to parallel the increase in population since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Climate change has also been predicted for the southeastern United States for the future. Each of these atmospheric and climatic elements that are being altered by human activities has the potential to affect productivity of southern pine forests. Nutrient availability, water availability, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and temperature are presently the principal factors that are limiting the productivity of southern pine forests. Thus, it is extremely important that we understand how changes in these factors will interact to affect physiological processes of forest stands.}, booktitle={The productivity and sustainability of Southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment.  (Ecological studies; 128)}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Dougherty, P. M. and Allen, Howard and Kress, L. W. and Murthy, R. and Maier, C. and Albaugh, T. J. and Sampson, D. A.}, editor={Mickler, R. A. and Fox, S.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={149–168} }
 @article{albaugh_allen_dougherty_kress_king_1998, title={Leaf area and above- and belowground growth responses of loblolly pine to nutrient and water additions}, volume={44}, number={2}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Albaugh, T. J. and Allen, H. L. and Dougherty, P. M. and Kress, L. W. and King, J. S.}, year={1998}, pages={317–328} }
 @article{murthy_dougherty_1997, title={Estimating foliage area of Loblolly pine shoots}, volume={43}, number={2}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Murthy, R. and Dougherty, P. M.}, year={1997}, pages={299–303} }
 @article{murthy_zarnoch_dougherty_1997, title={Seasonal trends of light-saturated net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of loblolly pine trees grown in contrasting environments of nutrition, water and carbon dioxide}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00085.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Murthy, R and Zarnoch, SJ and Dougherty, PM}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={558–568} }
 @article{zhang_allen_dougherty_1997, title={Shoot and foliage growth phenology of loblolly pine trees as affected by nitrogen fertilization}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-27-9-1420}, number={9}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Zhang, SS and Allen, HL and Dougherty, PM}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={1420–1426} }