@article{gotsch_geiger_franco_goldstein_meinzer_hoffmann_2019, title={Allocation to leaf area and sapwood area affects water relations of co-occurring savanna and forest trees (vol 163, pg 291, 2010)}, volume={189}, ISSN={["1432-1939"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-018-04327-3}, abstractNote={The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The Electronic supplementary material (ESM) was accompanying this article by mistake.}, number={2}, journal={OECOLOGIA}, author={Gotsch, Sybil G. and Geiger, Erika L. and Franco, Augusto C. and Goldstein, Guillermo and Meinzer, Frederick C. and Hoffmann, William A.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={563–563} }
 @misc{hoffmann_geiger_gotsch_rossatto_silva_lau_haridasan_franco_2012, title={Ecological thresholds at the savanna-forest boundary: how plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1461-0248"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01789.x}, abstractNote={Fire shapes the distribution of savanna and forest through complex interactions involving climate, resources and species traits. Based on data from central Brazil, we propose that these interactions are governed by two critical thresholds. The fire-resistance threshold is reached when individual trees have accumulated sufficient bark to avoid stem death, whereas the fire-suppression threshold is reached when an ecosystem has sufficient canopy cover to suppress fire by excluding grasses. Surpassing either threshold is dependent upon long fire-free intervals, which are rare in mesic savanna. On high-resource sites, the thresholds are reached quickly, increasing the probability that savanna switches to forest, whereas low-resource sites are likely to remain as savanna even if fire is infrequent. Species traits influence both thresholds; saplings of savanna trees accumulate bark thickness more quickly than forest trees, and are more likely to become fire resistant during fire-free intervals. Forest trees accumulate leaf area more rapidly than savanna trees, thereby accelerating the transition to forest. Thus, multiple factors interact with fire to determine the distribution of savanna and forest by influencing the time needed to reach these thresholds. Future work should decipher multiple environmental controls over the rates of tree growth and canopy closure in savanna.}, number={7}, journal={ECOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Hoffmann, William A. and Geiger, Erika L. and Gotsch, Sybil G. and Rossatto, Davi R. and Silva, Lucas C. R. and Lau, On Lee and Haridasan, M. and Franco, Augusto C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={759–768} }
 @article{hoffmann_jaconis_mckinley_geiger_gotsch_franco_2012, title={Fuels or microclimate? Understanding the drivers of fire feedbacks at savanna-forest boundaries}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1442-9985"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02324.x}, abstractNote={The higher flammability of tropical savanna, compared with forest, plays a critical role in mediating vegetation-environment feedbacks, alternate stable states, and ultimately, the distribution of these two biomes. Multiple factors contribute to this difference in flammability, including microclimate, fuel amount and fuel type. To understand this transition in flammability, we studied fuel characteristics and microclimate across eight savanna–forest boundaries in south-central Brazil. At each boundary, the environment was monitored for one week with automated measurements of near-surface wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity and presence of dew. Manual measurements were performed to quantify fuel amounts and fuel moisture. These data were used to parameterize the fire behaviour model BehavePlus5 in order to simulate fire behaviour over the savanna–forest boundary. There were strong gradients across the boundary in all variables with the exception of total fuel load. During the day, savannas had higher wind speed and air temperature, and lower relative humidity and fuel moisture than forests. Although fuel loads were similar in savanna and forest, savanna was characterized by lower fuel bulk density, largely because of the presence of grasses. Based on these measurements, the fire behaviour model predicted savanna fires to be faster, more intense, and with greater flame lengths, relative to forest. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the primary cause of these differences was the low fuel bulk density characteristic of grassy fuels, with lesser contributions from wind speed, fuel moisture and total fuel load. These results indicate that the dominance of grassy fuels is the primary cause of the high flammability of savanna.}, number={6}, journal={AUSTRAL ECOLOGY}, author={Hoffmann, William A. and Jaconis, Susany. and Mckinley, Kristen L. and Geiger, Erika L. and Gotsch, Sybil G. and Franco, Augusto C.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={634–643} }
 @article{geiger_gotsch_damasco_haridasan_franco_hoffmann_2011, title={Distinct roles of savanna and forest tree species in regeneration under fire suppression in a Brazilian savanna}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1654-1103"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01252.x}, abstractNote={Questions: Has fire suppression relaxed barriers to the exchange of species between savanna and forest? Do all species or a subset of species participate in this exchange? Would current vegetation structure persist if fire suppression were to cease? Location: A gallery forest edge in the Cerrado region of central Brazil that burned only once in the past 35 years. Methods: Density of tree seedlings, saplings and adults, leaf area index (LAI), tree basal area and diameter were surveyed in 12, 10m � 70m transects centred on and perpendicular to the forest‐savanna boundary. Community composition was assessed using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS). Results: Basal area and LAI declined substantially from forest to savanna, with an associated shift in species composition. Savanna tree species were nearly absent in the forest, but accounted for the majority of stems in the savanna. In contrast, forest species comprised 14% of adults and more than one-third of juveniles in the savanna. Despite the high diversity of trees (85 species) in the forest, five species play a particularly large role in this initial phase of forest expansion. Reintroduction of fire, however, would result in widespread topkill of juveniles and the majority of adult forest trees, thereby interrupting the succession towards forest. Conclusions: After 35 years during which the site burned only once, the savanna still remains dominated by savanna species. Nevertheless, the dominance of forest juveniles in border and savanna tree communities suggests that with a continued policy of fire suppression, the forest will continue to expand.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE}, author={Geiger, Erika L. and Gotsch, Sybil G. and Damasco, Gabriel and Haridasan, M. and Franco, Augusto C. and Hoffmann, William A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={312–321} }
 @article{gotsch_geiger_franco_goldstein_meinzer_hoffmann_2010, title={Allocation to leaf area and sapwood area affects water relations of co-occurring savanna and forest trees}, volume={163}, ISSN={["1432-1939"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-009-1543-2}, abstractNote={Water availability is a principal factor limiting the distribution of closed-canopy forest in the seasonal tropics, suggesting that forest tree species may not be well adapted to cope with seasonal drought. We studied 11 congeneric species pairs, each containing one forest and one savanna species, to test the hypothesis that forest trees have a lower capacity to maintain seasonal homeostasis in water relations relative to savanna species. To quantify this, we measured sap flow, leaf water potential (Psi(L)), stomatal conductance (g (s)), wood density, and Huber value (sapwood area:leaf area) of the 22 study species. We found significant differences in the water relations of these two species types. Leaf area specific hydraulic conductance of the soil/root/leaf pathway (G (t)) was greater for savanna species than forest species. The lower G (t) of forest trees resulted in significantly lower Psi(L) and g (s) in the late dry season relative to savanna trees. The differences in G (t) can be explained by differences in biomass allocation of savanna and forest trees. Savanna species had higher Huber values relative to forest species, conferring greater transport capacity on a leaf area basis. Forest trees have a lower capacity to maintain homeostasis in Psi(L) due to greater allocation to leaf area relative to savanna species. Despite significant differences in water relations, relationships between traits such as wood density and minimum Psi(L) were indistinguishable for the two species groups, indicating that forest and savanna share a common axis of water-use strategies involving multiple traits.}, number={2}, journal={OECOLOGIA}, author={Gotsch, Sybil G. and Geiger, Erika L. and Franco, Augusto C. and Goldstein, Guillermo and Meinzer, Frederick C. and Hoffmann, William A.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={291–301} }