@article{kabin_withers_grant_carbonell_saez_2000, title={Removal of solid organic films from rotating disks using emulsion cleaners}, volume={228}, ISSN={["0021-9797"]}, DOI={10.1006/jcis.2000.6832}, abstractNote={Measurements have been made of the rate of removal of a solid organic film (phenanthrene) from the surface of a rotating disk using emulsions containing water, the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, and d-limonene as the organic phase. The results show that phenanthrene removal initially occurs by the uptake of phenanthrene into the emulsion drops as small aggregates. Simultaneously, the organic phase penetrates into the phenanthrene film, diminishing the adhesive force between the film and the substrate. After sufficient time, the phenanthrene film detaches from the rotating disk surface as a solid. This detachment mechanism accounts for the vast majority of the phenanthrene removal ( approximately 90%). Initial solubilization rates were analyzed using two solubilization models. Both models assume that phenanthrene removal occurs via a mass transfer limited removal of phenanthrene-laden emulsion drops from the phenanthrene film surface into the bulk solution. One model treats the emulsion as homogeneous while the other accounts for the finite size of the emulsion droplets. The latter model was also used to relate the flux of organic phase impacting the phenanthrene film to the detachment times. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE}, author={Kabin, JA and Withers, ST and Grant, CS and Carbonell, RG and Saez, AE}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={344–358} }
 @article{kabin_saez_grant_carbonell_1999, title={Removal rates of major and trace components of an organic film using aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie980587e}, abstractNote={This work examines the cleaning of organic films composed of a primary component (abietic acid) mixed with trace amounts of a second contaminant (benzoic acid). Films were removed from a rotating disk in the presence of aqueous solutions of two poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants: C 12 E 5 and C 16 E 8 . With C 12 E 5 the abietic acid was removed from the disk in three successive cleaning stages - solubilization, shear removal, and rollup - whereas the benzoic acid was almost completely removed during the initial solubilization stage. Also, with C 12 E 5 the results show that the micellar solubilization rate of the trace contaminant is directly proportional to its concentration in the film. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 12 E 5 is an order of magnitude greater than the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. Solutions of C 16 E 8 removed the abietic acid by only the solubilization and rollup stages. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 16 E 8 was equal to the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. A mathematical model is proposed to quantify the simultaneous removal of benzoic acid and abietic acid during the micellar solubilization stage. The model takes into account the mass-transfer rate between the film and the bulk solution, as well as the micellization rates at the film/surfactant solution interface. The model adequately represents the experimental data.}, number={3}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kabin, JA and Saez, AE and Grant, CS and Carbonell, RG}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={683–691} }
 @article{kabin_tolstedt_saez_grant_carbonell_1998, title={Removal of organic films from rotating disks using aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants: Effect of surfactant molecular structure}, volume={206}, DOI={10.1006/jcis.1998.5689}, abstractNote={In prior work, we examined the removal of abietic acid films from rotating fiberglass laminate disks by aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant. A three-stage cleaning mechanism was found, consisting successively of solubilization, shear-driven cleaning, and roll-up. We extend this work by exploring the influence of the surfactant molecular structure on the kinetics of the cleaning process. Five different poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants (CxEy) were used. Both the alkyl (x) and ethoxy (y) chain lengths were varied. Not all of the surfactants exhibited a three-stage cleaning mechanism. It was found that for surfactants with relatively high solubilization rates, the shear-driven cleaning stage did not occur. The selection of the most efficient surfactant depends on whether the surfactant concentration is below or above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). At submicellar concentrations, faster cleaning is obtained by surfactants that can induce shear-driven removal. At concentrations above the CMC, it is found that surfactant efficiency for a fixed alkyl or ethoxy chain length increases as the surfactant becomes more hydrophilic. This is attributed in part to the lower viscosity that the film achieves with the more hydrophilic surfactants due to their partitioning into the film, as well as their ability to carry water into the film. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, author={Kabin, J. A. and Tolstedt, S. L. and Saez, A. E. and Grant, Christine and Carbonell, R. G.}, year={1998}, pages={102–111} }