@article{dreyfuss_geyer_stamper_baldessari_lewbart_2014, title={Zinc toxicosis in a brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1365-2761"]}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12130}, abstractNote={Zinc toxicosis has been well documented in virtually all vertebrate groups (Ackerman et al. 1990; Droual, Meteyer & Galey 1991; Zdziarski et al. 1994). To our knowledge, no literature has addressed the subject of acute zinc toxicosis in fish due to an ingested foreign body. Research has focused on zinc toxicoses due to dissolved or water-borne zinc sulphate (Holcombe, Benoit & Leonard 1979). This case report describes an instance of apparent zinc toxicosis in a captive brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, which had ingested a 1995 U.S. penny. A 0.486-kg adult male brook trout of approximately 2–3 years of age presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), Raleigh, NC, USA, for the evaluation of a cranial mass and a history of moderate lethargy and inappetence for several weeks. On physical examination, the fish appeared sluggish and had a 1.0 9 1.5 cm raised lesion on the right side of its head, caudal to the eye. The right eye was slightly exophthalmic. The fish had been housed in a mixed species indoor artificial freshwater stream exhibit with conspecifics from the same hatchery (Armstrong State Fish Hatchery), rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., at a regional life science museum. The exhibit showcased a 5-m waterfall that emptied into an upper 3-m-long pool. Water flowed from the upper to the lower pool via a 3-m by 0.3-m-deep stream. The affected trout was housed in the upper pool, where a number of coins were noted on the bottom of the exhibit. Coins were typically removed weekly with a net, unless they were unreachable, in which case they were removed during the draining and cleaning of the tanks once per year. Brook trout were fed Purina Game Fish Chow (Purina Mills, LLC) once daily. The fish was anaesthetized at the NCSU-CVM in an induction tank with 150 mg L 1 tricaine methanesulfonate (TRICAINE-S; Western Chemical, Inc., buffered 1:1 sodium bicarbonate), and a biopsy of the raised cranial lesion was obtained for histopathology. The fish was then moved to a recovery tank holding anaesthetic-free water until a righting reflex was observed. Biopsy results and analysis of fluid from retrobulbar space indicated a nerve sheath tumour. No action was taken at the time to completely excise the tumour. Ten days following the anaesthesia and biopsy procedure, the trout’s condition deteriorated, and the fish was killed with an overdose of tricaine methanesulfonate (400 mg L ). On necropsy, the significant gross findings included a corneal abrasion of the right eye, pale gills and flesh, ‘waterylike’ cardiac blood and the presence of a partially corroded 1995 penny in the stomach. A fresh liver sample was homogenized and tested using atomic Correspondence G A Lewbart, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail: greg_lewbart@ncsu.edu) *Present address: Department of Education and Science Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resorts , EC Trl. W-251, 2016 North Avenue of the Stars, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830-1000, USA. †Present address: Washington National Primate Research Center, University of WA, Seattle, WA98195, USA.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Dreyfuss, J. and Geyer, J. and Stamper, M. A. and Baldessari, A. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={397–399} }
 @article{stamper_harms_epperly_braun-mcneill_avens_stoskopf_2005, title={Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), a comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/04-074.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Health status of a total of 57 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta; 42 migratory and 15 residential turtles) was analyzed using body condition and hematologic parameters. A subset of 18 juvenile migratory loggerhead sea turtles in the fall of 1997 and 15 residential turtles in the summer of 2000 were analyzed for barnacle epibiota. The migratory group had significantly higher red blood cell counts and percent heterophils and significantly lower percent lymphocyte and absolute eosinophil counts, as well as significantly lower plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and anion gap. Many of these variations may be because of physiology of migration. A positive association between turtle weight and hematocrit was detected and may be because of larger turtles diving for longer periods of time. There were no significant differences of epibiota load, health of the turtles, or condition index between turtles captured during the two events.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stamper, MA and Harms, C and Epperly, SP and Braun-McNeill, J and Avens, L and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={635–641} }
 @article{keller_kucklick_stamper_harms_mcclellan-green_2004, title={Associations between organochlorine contaminant concentrations and clinical health parameters in loggerhead sea turtles from North Carolina, USA}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.6923}, abstractNote={Widespread and persistent organochlorine (OC) contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides, are known to have broad-ranging toxicities in wildlife. In this study we investigated, for the first time, their possible health effects on loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Nonlethal fat biopsies and blood samples were collected from live turtles for OC contaminant analysis, and concentrations were compared with clinical health assessment data, including hematology, plasma chemistry, and body condition. Concentrations of total PCBs (Sigma PCBs), Sigma DDTs, Sigma chlordanes, dieldrin, and mirex were determined in 44 fat biopsies and 48 blood samples. Blood concentrations of Sigma chlordanes were negatively correlated with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, indicative of anemia. Positive correlations were observed between most classes of OC contaminants and white blood cell counts and between mirex and Sigma TCDD-like PCB concentrations and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, suggesting modulation of the immune system. All classes of OCs in the blood except dieldrin were correlated positively with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, indicating possible hepatocellular damage. Mirex and Sigma TCDD-like PCB blood concentrations were negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Significant correlations to levels of certain OC contaminant classes also suggested possible alteration of protein (increasing blood urea nitrogen, decreasing albumin:globulin ratio), carbohydrate (decreasing glucose), and ion (increasing sodium, decreasing magnesium) regulation. These correlations suggest that OC contaminants may be affecting the health of loggerhead sea turtles even though sea turtles accumulate lower concentrations of OCs compared with other wildlife.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Keller, JM and Kucklick, JR and Stamper, MA and Harms, CA and McClellan-Green, PD}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={1074–1079} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_2003, title={Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0003:pofils]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The pharmocodynamics of single injections of florfenicol in yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were determined. Eight juvenile loggerhead sea turtles weighing 1.25 (±0.18) kg were divided into two groups. Four animals received 30 mg/kg of florfenicol i.v., and four received the same dose i.m. Plasma florfenicol concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. After the i.v. dose, there was a biphasic decline in plasma florfenicol concentration. The initial steep phase from 3 min to 1 hr had a half-life of 3 min, and there was a longer slow phase of elimination, with a half-life that ranged from 2 to 7.8 hr among turtles. The volume of distribution varied greatly and ranged from 10.46 to –60 L/kg. Clearance after the i.v. dose was 3.6–6.3 L/kg/hr. After the i.m. injection, there was a peak within 30 min of 1.4–5.6 μg/ml, and florfenicol was thereafter eliminated with a half-life of 3.2–4.3 hr. With either route, florfenicol plasma concentrations were below the minimum inhibitory concentrations for sensitive bacteria within 1 hr. Florfenicol does not appear to be a practical antibiotic in sea turtles when administered at these doses.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, Mark and Lewbart, Gregory and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2003}, pages={3–8} }
 @article{chittick_stamper_beasley_lewbart_horne_2002, title={Medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia for injured loggerhead sea turtles: 13 cases (1996-2000)}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.1019}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Chittick, EJ and Stamper, MA and Beasley, JF and Lewbart, GA and Horne, WA}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1019–1025} }
 @article{stamper_norton_2002, title={Ovariectomy in a brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)}, volume={33}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Norton, T.}, year={2002}, pages={172–175} }
 @article{bush_grobler_raath_phillips_stamper_lance_2001, title={Use of medetomidine and ketamine for immobilization of free-ranging giraffes}, volume={218}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.218.245}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Bush, M and Grobler, DG and Raath, JP and Phillips, LG and Stamper, MA and Lance, WR}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={245–249} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={24, 136-138 HERIKSTAD, H., HAYES, P., MOKHTAR, M., FRACARO, M. L., THRELFALL, E. J. &ANGULO, F. J. (I1997) Emerging quinolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 371-372 HEURTIN-LE CORRE, C., DONNIO, P. Y., PERRIN, M., TRAVERT, M. F. & AVRIL, J. L. (1999) Increasing incidence and comparison of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from humans and animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 266-269 HOWARD, A. J., JOSEPH, T. D., BLOODWORTH, L. L., FROST, J. A., CHART, H. &ROWE, B. (1990) The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy 26,296-298 McCARRON, B. & LOVE, W. C. (I1997) Acalculous non-typhoidal salmonella cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clinical Infectious Disease 24, 707-709 SANCHEZ, R., FERNANDEZ-BACA, V., DIAZ, M. D., MUNOZ, P., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1994) Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter species to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1879-1882 THRELFALL, E. J., WARD, L. R., SKINNER, J. A. & ROWE, B. (1997) Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microbial Drug Resistance 3, 263-266 VASALLO, F. J., MARTIN-RABADAN, P., ALCALA, L., GARCIA-LECHUZ, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1998) Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease 26, 535-536 WAIN, J., HOA, N. T., CHINH, N. T., VINH, H., EVERETT, M. J., DIEP, T. S., DAY, N. P., SOLOMON, T., WHITE, N. J., PIDDOCK, L. J. & PARRY, C. M. (1997) Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Vietnam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clinical Infectious Disease 25, 1404-1410}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{stamper_norton_spodnick_marti_loomis_1999, title={Hypospadias in a polar bear (Ursus maritimus).}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Norton, T. and Spodnick, G. and Marti, J. and Loomis, M.}, year={1999}, pages={141–144} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_1999, title={Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, M. G. and Lewbart, G. A. and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, pages={32–35} }
 @article{stamper_lewbart_barrington_harms_geoly_stoskopf_1998, title={Eimeria southwelli infection associated with high mortality of cownose rays}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0264:ESIAWH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The coccidian Eimeria southwelli is associated with chronic fatal disease in captive cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus. Clinical signs include discoloration of the epidermis, emaciation, coelomic cavity distention, and death. The oocysts can be demonstrated in coelomic fluid obtained by coelomic aspiration. Prevalence of E. southwelli in wild cownose rays was 92% in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Recommended management practices include strict quarantine and screening by using coelomic cavity aspirate sampling. A dosage of 10 mg toltrazuril/kg orally once a day for 5 d reduces but may not eliminate parasitic loads.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Barrington, PR and Harms, CA and Geoly, F and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={264–270} }
 @article{stamper_gulland_spraker_1998, title={Leptospirosis in rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals from California}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.407}, abstractNote={Renal disease was observed in two rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) from a facility in California (USA). The seals had leukocytosis and high serum phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. A retrospective study of leptospiral antibody serum titers indicated both seals had elevated titers to Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa. A third seal, which died about the time when the index cases occurred, also had elevated titers to L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa. Post mortem histopathologic examination of all three seals showed tubular necrosis consistent with interstitial nephritis; spirochetes were seen within the kidney parenchyma of the third seal. Sea lions (Zalophus californianus) or elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) housed near the harbor seals were possible sources of exposure, but local wildlife also could have been responsible.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Stamper, MA and Gulland, FMD and Spraker, T}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={407–410} }