@article{smith_abbaraju_salmon_amin_weiss_grau_velagaleti_gilger_2017, title={Evaluation of pentablock co-polymer (PTS sol ) for sustained topical ocular drug delivery}, volume={39}, ISSN={1773-2247}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.005}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to evaluate ocular retention, tolerability, and sustained pharmacodynamics of a clear topical formulation of brinzolamide (BRZ) in PTSsol pentablock co-polymer. To test for ocular retention, PTSsol or saline containing near infrared dye-labeled (NIR) IgG was applied to the corneal surface of mice and monitored by in vivo imaging. To evaluate pharmacodynamics, dogs were dosed for 3 consecutive days with PTSsol once daily (qd) at doses of 1% and 2.5% and compared to PTSsol qd, or commercial BRZ 1% (Azopt®) three times daily (tid). Intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular exams were performed each treatment day and two additional days post-treatment. The NIR-IgG saline remained on the ocular surface for <3 h, while NIR-IgG in PTSsol remained for >21 h. All formulations were well tolerated in dogs and by day 3 of dosing, IOP was significantly lower in 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd dosed eyes compared to vehicle or baseline (p < 0.014). On day 5, 48 h after dosing, IOP remained significantly lower in eyes treated with 2.5% BRZ PTSsol qd compared to those dosed with Azopt (p = 0.036). This suggests that drugs in PTSsol may allow for once a day or less frequent dosing.}, journal={Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Abbaraju, Santhi and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Amin, Rasidul and Weiss, Sidney L. and Grau, Ulrich and Velagaleti, Poonam and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={475–483} }
 @article{smith_davis_smith_gerard_campbell_foster_2010, title={Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole in Alpacas}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pantoprazole in camelids is not available.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the pharmacokinetics of both IV and SC pantoprazole and to determine whether pantoprazole administration would increase 3rd compartment pH in alpacas.


ANIMALS
Six healthy adult alpacas.


METHODS
Alpacas were fitted with a 3rd compartment cannula for measuring gastric pH. After recovery, alpacas received 1 mg/kg pantoprazole IV, q24h for 3 days or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 3 days. Alpacas received both IV and SC pantoprazole, with a minimum of 3 weeks between treatments. Third compartment pH was recorded and plasma samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis.


RESULTS
Pantoprazole induced a slow but sustained increase in 3rd compartment pH when given by both the IV and SC routes. Third compartment pH was significantly increased as compared with baseline values (1.81+/-0.7; mean+/-SD) at 24 (2.47+/-0.8), 48 (3.53+/-1.0) and 72 hours (4.03+/-1.3) after daily IV administration of pantoprazole. Third compartment pH increased from 1.73+/-0.6 at baseline to 3.05+/-1.1, 4.02+/-1.4, and 3.61+/-1.6 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after SC administration, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that pantoprazole had a short elimination half-life (0.47+0.06 h) and a high clearance rate (12.2+/-2.9 mL/kg/min) after both IV and SC administration.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Based on the results of this study, pantoprazole represents a safe and effective drug for increasing 3rd compartment pH in camelids. Either IV or SC administration is likely to be an effective treatment for gastric ulcers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Smith, G. W. and Davis, J. L. and Smith, S. M. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M.}, year={2010}, pages={949–955} }