@article{lee_dickey_2004, title={Limiting distributions of unconditional maximum likelihood unit root test statistics in seasonal time-series models}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0143-9782"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9892.2004.01814.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  The likelihood function of a seasonal model, Yt = ρYt−d + et as implemented in computer algorithms under the assumption of stationary initial conditions is a function of ρ which is zero at the point ρ = 1. It is a smooth function for ρ in the above seasonal model with a well‐defined maximum regardless of the data‐generating mechanism. Gonzalez‐Farias (PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, 1992) proposed tests for unit roots based on maximizing the stationary likelihood function in nonseasonal time series. We extend it to seasonal time series. The limiting distribution of seasonal unit root test statistics based on the unconditional maximum likelihood estimators are shown. Models having a single mean, seasonal means, and a single‐trend variable across the seasons are considered.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF TIME SERIES ANALYSIS}, author={Lee, T and Dickey, DA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={551–561} }
 @article{lee_park_lin_1998, title={A numerical modeling study of mesoscale cyclogenesis to the east of the Korean peninsula}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2305:ANMSOM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Numerical simulations and the analysis of observational data are employed to understand the mesoscale cyclogenesis in a polar airstream that occurred over the sea to the east of the Korean peninsula on 28‐29 January 1995. The observational analysis shows that a mesoscale low develops over the southeastern East Sea (Japan Sea) on 29 January 1995. Satellite imagery also indicates that a meso-b-scale vortex forms on the lee side of the northern Korean mountain complex (KMC), which is located in the northern Korean peninsula, and that a meso-a-scale cyclone develops over the southeastern East Sea at a later time. The mesoscale cyclone forms in the lower troposphere with strong baroclinicity and cyclonic circulation under the influence of an upper-level synoptic-scale cold vortex. Numerical simulation has captured major features of the observed cyclogenesis very well. The cyclogenesis occurs in a progressive manner. Basically, four distinctive stages of the cyclogenesis are identified. 1) First, a surface pressure trough forms on the lee side of the KMC under a northwesterly synoptic-scale flow that is deflected anticyclonically over the KMC. 2) Second, the lee trough deepens further into a strong convergence zone and a meso-b-scale vortex. 3) Next, the meso-b-scale vortex develops into a meso-a-scale vortex as the vortex and the trough begin to move southeastward from the lee of the KMC. 4) Finally, the surface trough deepens into a closed low and the meso-a-scale vortex becomes collocated with this deepening surface low to form a meso-a-scale cyclone over the southeastern East Sea. Several sensitivity experiments are performed to isolate the effects of a topography, warmer sea surface, diurnal thermal forcing, and latent heat release. During stages 1 and 2, it is found that the KMC and low-level baroclinicity are responsible for generating the strong lee trough and vortex. During stage 3, the development of the meso-a-scale vortex is brought on by the tilting of horizontal vorticity and vertical stretching in a synopticscale cyclonic circulation. In the final stage, the condensational heating plays the key role for the development of the meso-a-scale cyclone under the influence of an upper-level synoptic-scale cold vortex. The presence of the warm sea surface is found to be a necessary condition for the development of a polar air convergence zone and the mesoscale cyclone. It is also found that the low-level baroclinicity is essential for the present case of mesoscale cyclogenesis.}, number={9}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lee, TY and Park, YY and Lin, YL}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={2305–2329} }