@article{rusa_shuai_shin_bullions_wei_porbeni_lu_huang_fox_tonelli_2004, title={Controlling the behaviors of biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers with cyclodextrins}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1572-8919"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:JOOE.0000038547.36750.78}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={Rusa, CC and Shuai, X and Shin, ID and Bullions, TA and Wei, M and Porbeni, FE and Lu, J and Huang, L and Fox, J and Tonelli, AE}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={157–163} }
 @misc{lu_mirau_tonelli_2002, title={Chain conformations and dynamics of crystalline polymers as observed in their inclusion compounds by solid-state NMR}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1873-1619"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00045-4}, abstractNote={Certain small molecules, such as urea (U), perhydrotriphenylene (PHTP) and cyclodextrins (CDs), can be co-crystallized with polymers to form inclusion compounds (ICs). The guest polymer chains are confined to narrow, cylindrical channels created by the host, small-molecule lattice. The number and conformation of included polymer chains depend on the relative cross-sectional dimensions of polymer chains and the host channel diameter. For the hosts U, PHTP and α-CD (D≈5 Å), only highly extended single chains can be squeezed inside the channel and are separated from neighboring polymer chains by the IC channel walls composed exclusively of the small-molecule lattice. However, for the host γ-CD (D≈8 Å), two side-by-side, parallel extended polymer chains can be incorporated inside the channel, and thus, are also decoupled from all other neighboring chains by the channel walls. Therefore, the unique solid-state environment for polymers residing in IC channels can be utilized as model systems for ordered, bulk polymer phases. Comparison of the behavior of isolated, extended polymer chains in different host environments with the behavior observed for ordered, bulk phases of polymers permits an assessment of contributions made by the inherent, single chain, interactions between adjacent side-by-side pairs of chains and the overall co-operative, interchain interactions to the properties of ordered, bulk polymers. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an efficient technique to study the conformations and molecular motions of polymer ICs. This review paper mainly discusses the solid-state NMR study of the conformations and dynamics of a series of crystalline polymers observed in their ICs. In order to facilitate interpretation of the NMR observations, at the beginning of this review, we also discuss the related modeling results obtained by rotational isomeric state modeling and molecular dynamics simulations.}, number={2}, journal={PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Lu, J and Mirau, PA and Tonelli, AE}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={357–401} }
 @article{lu_mirau_shin_nojima_tonelli_2002, title={Molecular motions in the supramolecular complexes between poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1022-1352"]}, DOI={10.1002/1521-3935(20020101)203:1<71::AID-MACP71>3.0.CO;2-D}, abstractNote={The structure and molecular motions of the triblock copolymer PCL-PEO-PCL and its inclusion complexes with α- and γ-cyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs) have been studied by solid-state NMR. Different cross-polarization dynamics have been observed for the guest polymer and host CDs. Guest-host magnetization exchange has been observed by proton spin lattice relaxation T 1 , proton spin lattice frame relaxation T 1ρ and 2D heteronuclear correlation experiments. A homogeneous phase has been observed for these complexes. Conventional relaxation experiments and 2D wide-line separation NMR with windowless isotropic mixing have been used to measure the chain dynamics. The results show that for localized molecular motion in the megahertz regime, the included PCL block chains are much more mobile than the crystalline PCL blocks in the bulk triblock copolymer. However, the mobility of the included PEO block chains is not very different from the amorphous PEO blocks of the bulk sample. The cooperative, long chain motions in the midkilohertz regime for pairs of PCL-PEO-PCL chains in their γ-CD channels seem more restricted than for the single PCL-PEO-PCL chains in the α-CD channels, however, they are not influencing the more localized, higher frequency megahertz motions.}, number={1}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS}, author={Lu, J and Mirau, PA and Shin, ID and Nojima, S and Tonelli, AE}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{huang_gerber_taylor_lu_tapaszi_wutkowski_hill_lewis_harvey_herndon_et al._2001, title={Creation of novel polymer materials by processing with inclusion compounds}, volume={176}, ISSN={["1022-1360"]}, DOI={10.1002/1521-3900(200112)176:1<129::AID-MASY129>3.0.CO;2-M}, abstractNote={The processing of polymer materials from their inclusion compounds (ICs) formed with urea (U) and cyclodextrin (CD) hosts is described. Several examples are presented and serve to demonstrate the fabrication of unique polymer-polymer composites and blends, including intimate blends of normally incompatible polymers, and the delivery of additives to polymers by means of embedding polymer- or additive-U and CD- ICs into carrier polymer films and fibers, followed by coalescence of the IC guest, or by coalescence of two polymers or a polymer and an additive from their common CD-IC crystals.}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA}, author={Huang, L and Gerber, M and Taylor, H and Lu, J and Tapaszi, E and Wutkowski, M and Hill, M and Lewis, C and Harvey, A and Herndon, A and et al.}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={129–144} }
 @article{lu_mirau_tonelli_2001, title={Dynamics of isolated polycaprolactone chains in their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0024-9297"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma001820z}, abstractNote={Solid-state carbon NMR with magic-angle spinning has been used to study the structure and dynamics of semicrystalline polycaprolactone (PCL) and its inclusion complexes formed with α- and γ-cyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs), which are shown to have channel structures occupied by single and two parallel, side-by-side chains, respectively. Guest−host magnetization exchange has been observed, but the results differ substantially from those observed in semicrystalline polymers and blends. The conventional relaxation experiments and 2D wide-line separation NMR with windowless isotropic mixing have been used to measure the chain dynamics. The results suggest that the intermolecular interactions restrict the dynamics of some atoms more than others, but that the chains in the complex are more mobile than in semicrystalline PCL. These results are compared with the inclusion compound formed between the model compound valeric acid and α-CD that is also a channel complex structure.}, number={10}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Lu, J and Mirau, PA and Tonelli, AE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={3276–3284} }
 @article{lu_hill_hood_greeson_horton_orndorff_herndon_tonelli_2001, title={Formation of antibiotic, biodegradable polymers by processing with Irgasan DP300R (Triclosan) and its inclusion compound with beta-cyclodextrin}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1002/app.1852.abs}, abstractNote={The inclusion compound (IC) between the FDA-approved antibacterial Irgasan DP300 (Trichlosan), and β-cyclodextrin (CD) has been formed. When the Irgasan–β-CD–IC is embedded in biodegradeable/bioabsorbable films of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) at low levels (a few wt %), they are rendered resistant to the growth of E. coli bacteria. When these same PCL films embedded with Irgasan–β-CD–IC are used as the adhesive for laminating cotton fabrics, we observe the resulting cotton laminates to also be resistant to the growth of E. coli bacteria. These results hold promise for the fabrication of bacteria-resistant polymer films and fibers, as well as antibacterial fabrics, by means of simple melt processing with Irgasan–β-CD–IC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 300–309, 2001}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Lu, J. and Hill, M. A. and Hood, M. and Greeson, D. F. and Horton, J. R. and Orndorff, P. E. and Herndon, A. S. and Tonelli, A. E.}, year={2001}, pages={300–309} }
 @article{wang_lu_shen_2000, title={Calorimetric and infrared spectroscopic analysis of multiple melting endotherms of poly(ethylene terephthalate)}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0032-3896"]}, DOI={10.1295/polymj.32.560}, abstractNote={Multiple melting endotherms of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transition infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and temperature modulated DSC (MDSC) by examining PET samples subjected to special schemes of crystallization and annealing treatment at different temperatures. Upon one-step and two-step annealing, a series of multiple minor peaks in the PET were demonstrated by DSC. FT-IR showed that the multiple endothermic minor peaks were due to melting of imperfect crystals during crystallization. From MDSC curves direct evidence can be obtained for explanation the multiple melting mechanisms in these cold crystallized polymers. The morphology and melting mechanism of semicrystalline polymers depend on the thermal history of crystallization or annealing. When the sample is crystallized at an isothermal temperature or at multiple ascending temperatures, the hypothesis of melting of original low-temperature crystals and reorganization (recrystallization) into high-melt crystals during DSC scanning has been found responsible for the observed multiple melting behavior; when the sample is isothermally crystallized and annealed at multiple descending temperatures, the proposal of multiple morphologies is more responsible for the multiple melting peaks.}, number={7}, journal={POLYMER JOURNAL}, author={Wang, Y and Lu, J and Shen, DY}, year={2000}, pages={560–566} }
 @article{lu_shin_nojima_tonelli_2000, title={Formation and characterization of the inclusion compounds between poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) triblock copolymer and alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrin}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00773-9}, abstractNote={We report the formation of crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) between poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(ε-caprolactone) triblock copolymer guest and the small-molecule hosts α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). The triblock copolymer-CDs-ICs are formed by cocrystallization from saturated solutions of CDs, and each of them was observed with TGA, DSC, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopes. It was found that the ICs have higher temperature stability than the pure CDs. The absence of a melting peak for the crystalline PCL blocks in the heating scan of triblock-CDs-ICs indicates that there is no free crystalline block copolymer. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of triblock-αCD-IC and triblock-γCD-IC were similar to that of valeric acid-αCD-IC and 1-propanol-γCD-IC, which were confirmed to be a channel crystal structures by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In FTIR studies, new bands appeared at 1737 cm−1 for triblock-αCD-IC and 1730 cm−1 for triblock-γCD-IC compared with the pure cyclodextrins, which confirms the formation of IC. CP/MAS/DD 13C NMR spectra of triblock-CDs-ICs indicate that CDs adopt a more symmetrical conformation in the triblock-CDs-ICs, while pure CDs assume a less symmetrical conformation in the crystal when they do not include a guest block copolymer inside their cavities. One pulse 13C NMR spectra were observed to confirm that crystalline triblock-CDs-ICs have channel structures, with CDs forming the crystal frame of the inclusion compound.}, number={15}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Lu, J and Shin, ID and Nojima, S and Tonelli, AE}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={5871–5883} }
 @article{lu_wang_shen_2000, title={Infrared spectroscopic and modulated differential scanning calorimetric study of physical aging in bisphenol A polycarbonate}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0032-3896"]}, DOI={10.1295/polymj.32.610}, abstractNote={FT-IR spectroscopy was used to examine conformational changes in the quenched Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (BPAPC) films during physical aging. It was observed that the amount of energy favored trans-trans conformers increased, while energy less favored trans-cis conformers decreased upon sub-Tg annealing. Since the trans-trans conformers allow closer local packing of the polymer chains than the trans-cis conformers do, the results may indicate that sub-Tg annealing will lead to closer interchain packing. In situ FT-IR studies on the conformational changes of BPAPC films with different thermal histories, i.e., quenched from the rubbery and sub-Tg annealed for different time, were carried out while increasing the temperature through the glass transition region. The temperature dependencies of the infrared spectra show that incremental changes of the population of trans-cis conformers in the quenched sample are gradual, while rather abrupt changes occur in the sub-Tg annealed samples. The magnitude and temperature of the abrupt changes of trans-cis conformers are related with the time of the sub-Tg annealing. The energy absorbed during the abrupt conformational change represents only part of the energy of the endothermic peak observed by modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The results are explained in terms of the formation of new cohesional entanglements during sub-Tg annealing.}, number={7}, journal={POLYMER JOURNAL}, author={Lu, J and Wang, Y and Shen, DY}, year={2000}, pages={610–615} }