@article{gebreyes_davies_turkson_morgan morrow_funk_altier_thakur_2004, title={Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Phenotypes and Genotypes among Salmonella enterica Recovered from Pigs on Farms, from Transport Trucks, and from Pigs after Slaughter}, volume={67}, ISSN={0362-028X}, url={http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.698}, abstractNote={The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Food Protection}, author={Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. and Davies, Peter R. and Turkson, Paa-Kobina and Morgan Morrow, W. E. and Funk, Julie A. and Altier, Craig and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={698–705} }
 @article{gebreyes_davies_turkson_morrow_funk_altier_2004, title={Salmonella enterica serovars from pigs on farms and after slaughter and validity of using bacteriologic data to define herd Salmonella status}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-67.4.691}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of using data obtained from slaughtered pigs for farm-level epidemiologic studies of Salmonella. The study involved groups of pigs from five farms. Salmonella isolates were obtained from on-farm samples, and a total of 370 on-farm and an additional 486 isolates from samples collected after commercial slaughter were subsequently tested. Preharvest samples included feces of individual animals from defined groups of nursery and finishing pigs on commercial farms and swabs from trucks. Postslaughter samples were cecal contents and mesenteric lymph node samples. The concordance between Salmonella serovars isolated from on-farm samples and those serovars isolated after slaughter varied widely among farms. Results of paired lymph node and cecal cultures were strongly associated (odds ratio, 7.0), but the agreement between on-farm and postslaughter results at the pig level was poor (kappa = 0.34). The results support recent findings that risk of exposure to Salmonella during transport and lairage remains a concern under contemporary industry conditions. The findings further imply that slaughter plant studies based on phenotyping of Salmonella alone (such as serovars) may not reliably indicate the Salmonella status of commercial swine farms.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Gebreyes, WA and Davies, PR and Turkson, PK and Morrow, WEM and Funk, JA and Altier, C}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={691–697} }
 @article{davies_turkson_funk_nichols_ladely_fedorka-cray_2000, title={Comparison of methods for isolating Salmonella bacteria from faeces of naturally infected pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={1364-5072 1365-2672}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x}, abstractNote={A series of experiments was conducted using faecal samples collected from commercial swine farms to evaluate the effects of variation in methods used for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. The primary objective of the studies was to compare the protocols routinely used in two laboratories in the USA. The studies included five experiments comparing the enrichment protocols used routinely in the respective laboratories (Method 1: 10 g faeces—buffered peptone water (BPW) pre‐enrichment—selective enrichment in Rappaport/Vassiliadis (RV) broth; Method 2: ∼1g faeces—primary enrichments in tetrathionate and Hajna GN broths—secondary enrichment in RV broth). The effects of enrichment temperatures (37 vs 42 °C) using RV broth (two experiments) and delayed secondary enrichment (four experiments) were also evaluated. Direct comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 indicated comparable results. However, when compared using faecal samples of equal weight, the Method 2 enrichment protocol was more sensitive for detecting Salmonella bacteria than the Method 1 protocol. Enrichment in RV at 42 °C was superior to 37 °C, particularly for samples that were pre‐enriched in BPW. Delayed secondary enrichment increased detection of Salmonella bacteria in swine faeces. These results highlight the imperfect sensitivity of culture methods, and the need for researchers to consider the sensitivity of bacteriological methods in the design and interpretation of the results of epidemiologic studies based on faecal culture}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Microbiology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Davies, P.R. and Turkson, P.K. and Funk, J.A. and Nichols, M.A. and Ladely, S.R. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0049-4747"]}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005129417183}, abstractNote={Inadequate financing for the delivery of animal health services in many developing countries has been blamed for lack of efficiency and effectiveness of veterinary services. There are no reports of how the delivery of veterinary services in Ghana is financed. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the funding of veterinary services in Ghana to help in decision making on resource allocation. Various indicators and measures were used in assessing the adequacy of financing and resource allocation from 1990 to 1995. These measures were the veterinary budget as proportions of the national budget, GDP and AGDP; the proportions of the veterinary budget allocated to salaries; the ratios of salaries to non-staff expenditure and of non-staff expenditure to veterinary livestock units and technical staff; coefficient of efficacy; and R-ratio. These generally declined or worsened over the period, deviating from recommended norms where such norms exist. This confirmed the paucity of financing and resource allocation for the delivery of veterinary services. Revenue generation from cost recovery over the 1993-95 period was a potential source of funding, exceeding 100% of non-staff expenditure for 1993 and 1994. However, the revenue generated was not channelled back to veterinary services but went to the national coffers. This served as a disincentive. There is an urgent need to review how veterinary services are financed in Ghana, if the delivery of services is to improve in efficiency and effectiveness.}, number={1}, journal={TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION}, author={Turkson, PK and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={33–44} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Financing the delivery of animal health services in developing countries: A case study of Ghana: Erratum}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1023/a:1017286824928}, number={2}, journal={Tropical Animal Health and Production}, author={Turkson, P. K. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={1999}, pages={74} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1999, title={Perceived constraints to privatization of delivery of veterinary services in Ghana}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0049-4747"]}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005167724020}, abstractNote={Ghana is on the verge of privatizing selected activities in the delivery of animal health services. However, various constraints are being encountered. The aim of this paper is to identify these constraints so as to help find and solutions to them. Questionnaires were administered to veterinarians in Ghana to elicit their responses on various issues concerning privatization. A significant proportion (61%) of government veterinarians, who formed 94% of the respondents, were unwilling to go into private practice. Among the reasons given were that private practice was too risky, that farmers were unwilling or unable to pay for services, that capital to start practices was lacking and that the societal value for animals was low. Also, low livestock densities in many areas and the absence of commercial livestock farming were perceived as deterrents to the sustainability of private practice. Furthermore, the poor macroeconomic environment of high inflation, high interest rates and unstable currency discouraged investment. If privatization of veterinary services is to succeed in Ghana, these perceptions have to be addressed and solutions found, since veterinarians are the targets of the privatization process.}, number={2}, journal={TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION}, author={Turkson, PK and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={103–114} }
 @article{turkson_slenning_brownie_1999, title={Perceptions of veterinarians regarding privatization of veterinary services delivery in Ghana and Jamaica}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0167-5877"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00023-9}, abstractNote={There are on-going reforms in the delivery of veterinary services in many developing countries, with privatization of certain veterinary activities as one of the approaches. In Jamaica, with the support of veterinarians, clinical aspects of veterinary services were privatized in 1992. In contrast, Ghanaian veterinarians are generally wary of the government's on-going privatization process. The objective of this study was to find out if perceptions of the veterinarians from these two countries on certain issues of privatization were sufficiently different to explain the willingness or reluctance to go into private practice. The response proportions for predominantly self-administered questionnaires were 83% (121/145) and 92% (35/38) for Ghana and Jamaica, respectively. There was a very good (92%) agreement in the perceptions of veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica on a battery of 24 responses pertaining to privatization of veterinary services. Generally, the perceptions of the veterinarians in Ghana and Jamaica were similar even though the predominant delivery systems for animal health services were different. Therefore, reasons other than those examined in this study may explain the differences in willingness to go into private practice. The need to account for these other reasons is discussed.}, number={3-4}, journal={PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE}, author={Turkson, PK and Slenning, BD and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={221–232} }
 @article{turkson_brownie_1998, title={Financing the delivery of public-sector animal health services in Jamaica: pre- and post-privatization}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1023/a:1005166403552}, abstractNote={Lack of adequate financing was a major reason for the privatization of veterinary services in Jamaica in 1992. The belief was that, with privatization, funding of animal health services delivery would improve, since staff numbers and clinical activities undertaken by the Veterinary Division were reduced. However, analyses of data revealed that, in most cases, privatization neither improved nor stemmed the declines, that had started before privatization, in the measures or indicators used. It was concluded that privatization of veterinary services did not result in any appreciable improvement in the financing of the delivery of public-sector animal health services in Jamaica in the short term.}, number={6}, journal={Tropical Animal Health and Production}, author={Turkson, P. K. and Brownie, C. F.}, year={1998}, pages={331–339} }