@article{knowles_donaldson_andrews_1998, title={Changes in fatty acid composition of lipids from birds, rodents, and preschool children exposed to lead}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0163-4984"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02784024}, abstractNote={Chronic treatment with inorganic lead (Pb) has been shown to increase the proportion of arachidonic acid (ArA), as well as the arachidonate/linoleate (ArA/LA) ratio, in the fatty acids of lipids from a variety of avian tissues. Changes in two fatty acid-mediated phenomena, peroxidation of membrane lipids and synthesis of eicosanoid cytokines, are associated with this enhanced ArA content. The authors are not aware of any reports in the literature in which these effects of Pb have been described for any animals other than birds. In the current study, the authors investigated the effect of Pb on lipid metabolism in three species: avian, rodent, and human. The group of children identified as suffering environmental Pb exposure were from a Pb-surveillance program and had blood Pb concentrations (PbB) averaging 23 microg/dL. Turkey poults fed 100 ppm dietary Pb as Pb acetate-trihydrate for 19 d had a PbB of 46 microg/dL. Gastric intubation of rats with 80 mg Pb/kg/d for 10 d resulted in a PbB of 74 microg/dL. We analyzed fatty acid composition of whole blood from children, poults, and virgin rats. Low-dose (nongrowth inhibitory) Pb exposure resulted in significantly increased ArA concentration and ArA/LA ratio in blood from all species. Also analyzed were plasma and liver of poults, virgin rats, and pregnant rats and their fetuses. In plasma and liver from Pb-treated poults and virgin rats, ArA and the ArA/LA ratio were again enhanced. Pb intoxication also affected omega3 composition, increasing the concentrations of all long-chain omega3 fatty acids of fetuses from Pb-treated pregnant dams. The authors propose that altered fatty acid metabolism may be responsible for some indications of Pb poisoning. Possible consequences mediated through lipid peroxidation and production of ArA-derivative eicosanoids are considered.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH}, author={Knowles, SO and Donaldson, WE and Andrews, JE}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={113–125} }
 @article{knowles_donaldson_1996, title={Dietary lead alters fatty acid composition and membrane peroxidation in chick liver microsomes}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0751498}, abstractNote={Inorganic Pb acetate is a pro-oxidant, and peroxidation damage to cellular membrane lipids, leading to membrane fragility and permeability, is a likely consequence of Pb poisoning. In addition to the systemic peroxidation that occurs in vivo, Pb-contaminated feedstuffs can contribute preformed peroxides. Treatments with dietary Pb that have been shown to increase tissue peroxide levels in animals may be related to the consumption of preformed peroxides from the diet. In the current study, we evaluated the possible separate effects of feed and systemic peroxides by administering equivalent doses of Pb acetatetrihydrate to chicks via either 1,500 ppm Pb in the diet or via gastric intubation. Peroxidation of lipids in hepatic microsomal membranes (assessed as malonyldialdehyde production) from birds intoxicated with Pb by either route of administration was more than double that of untreated controls. Also, both routes of Pb exposure doubled the concentration of hepatic microsomal arachidonic acid, a peroxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid. In the data reported here, we show that tissue peroxide levels are unaffected by the method of oral Pb administration and thus, by inference, independent of peroxide content of the feed.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Knowles, SO and Donaldson, WE}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={1498–1500} }
 @article{knowles_donaldson_1990, title={Dietary modification of lead toxicity: Effects on fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks}, volume={95}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology}, author={Knowles, S. O. and Donaldson, W. E.}, year={1990}, pages={99} }