@article{moore_hunt_2013, title={Predicting the carbon footprint of urban stormwater infrastructure}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.021}, abstractNote={Due to increased regulations concerning urban stormwater runoff, stormwater control measures (SCMs) such as bioretention, ponds, and constructed stormwater wetlands, are becoming a more common feature of urban and periurban landscapes. The water quality and hydrologic benefits of SCMs are generally well-documented, and planning tools are available to optimize water quality benefits with economic costs of SCM construction and maintenance. Given rising interest in and potential for regulation of carbon emissions, a planning tool that allows for estimation of carbon emissions associated with SCM construction and maintenance is also a relevant pursuit. The objective of this work was to present a framework by which carbon emissions attributable to SCMs and conveyances could be predicted. This method was then applied to present a comparison of the carbon footprint of eight common SCMs and three stormwater conveyance types. The carbon embodied in construction materials represented a prominent part of the carbon footprint for green roofs, permeable pavement, sand filters, rainwater harvesting systems, and reinforced concrete pipes while material transport and construction dominated that of bioretention systems, ponds, wetlands, level spreader-grassed filter strips and concrete-lined swales. Despite accounting for sequestration by vegetation in these systems, only stormwater wetlands and grassed swales were predicted to store more carbon than what was released through construction and maintenance.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Moore, Trisha L. C. and Hunt, William F.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={44–51} }
 @article{moore_hutchinson_christianson_2012, title={A qualitative assessment tool for ecologically based stormwater systems}, volume={45}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, author={Moore, T. and Hutchinson, S. L. and Christianson, R. D.}, year={2012}, pages={70–79} }
 @article{moore_hunt_2012, title={Ecosystem service provision by stormwater wetlands and ponds - A means for evaluation?}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.026}, abstractNote={Stormwater control measures (SCMs) such as constructed stormwater ponds and constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs) are designed to regulate runoff hydrology and quality. However, these created ecosystems also provide a range of other benefits, or ecosystem services, which are often acknowledged but rarely quantified. In this study, additional ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and cultural services, were assessed and compared between 20 ponds and 20 CSWs in North Carolina, USA. Carbon sequestration was estimated through the carbon content of pond and wetland sediments across a gradient of system age. Biodiversity was quantified in terms of the richness and Shannon diversity index of vegetative and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. Cultural services were qualitatively assessed based on the potential for recreational and educational opportunities at each site. Ponds and wetlands were found to support similar levels of macroinvertebrate diversity, though differences community composition arose between the two habitat types. CSWs demonstrated greater potential to provide carbon sequestration, vegetative diversity, and cultural ecosystem services. This assessment provides an initial framework upon which future assessments of ecosystem service provision by SCMs can build.}, number={20}, journal={Water Research}, author={Moore, T. L. C. and Hunt, W. F.}, year={2012}, pages={6811–6823} }
 @article{hathaway_moore_burkholder_hunt_2012, title={Temporal analysis of stormwater control measure effluent based on windows of harmful algal bloom (HAB) sensitivity: Are annual nutrient EMCs appropriate during HAB-sensitive seasons?}, volume={49}, ISSN={0925-8574}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.014}, abstractNote={Nutrient removal by stormwater control measures (SCMs) is typically reported in terms of an average annual percent removal or effluent concentration. However, when the performance of these systems is considered in light of downstream receiving aquatic ecosystems, which display seasonal sensitivities to nutrient loadings, the use of an annual-based metric seems arbitrary. To investigate the potential temporal mismatch between nutrient-sensitive periods in receiving water bodies and average annual reporting periods adopted for SCM performance metrics, a case study is presented for four SCM types (constructed stormwater wetlands, bioretention, vegetated filter strips, and swales) draining to the Neuse River Estuary (NRE) in North Carolina, USA. Outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the NRE have been related to different nutrient forms at different times of the year, resulting in a “window” of importance for a given nutrient. These windows were utilized herein to define seasons of interest for various pollutants, and thus how SCM effluent data should be grouped to evaluate seasonal differences in performance. Effluent SCM nutrient concentrations were analyzed on an annual and HAB-sensitive seasonal basis. Although the use of annual performance metrics was deemed either appropriate or conservative for total phosphorus and nitrate–nitrite, effluent concentrations of total ammonia–nitrogen were significantly higher during HAB-sensitive seasons from both bioretention areas and stormwater wetlands. In the case of the NRE, these data suggest SCMs such as bioretention and stormwater wetlands may perform less effectively during periods of HAB sensitivity and that the contribution of SCMs to HAB control in sensitive water bodies may be overstated using presently accepted annual evaluation metrics. Though the seasonal analysis presented is specific to HAB formation in the Neuse River Estuary, evaluation of SCM effluent nutrient concentrations on the basis of nutrient-sensitive periods in receiving water bodies has broad application to evaluation of SCMs in any nutrient-sensitive watershed. The present study suggests that evaluation of SCM performance with respect to nutrient-sensitive periods in receiving aquatic ecosystems warrants further study.}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hathaway, Jon M. and Moore, Trisha L.C. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Hunt, William F.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{moore_hunt_burchell_hathaway_2011, title={Organic nitrogen exports from urban stormwater wetlands in North Carolina}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.12.015}, abstractNote={Effluent organic nitrogen concentrations from seven constructed stormwater wetlands in North Carolina were examined to compare background organic nitrogen (ON) concentrations and the fraction of organic nitrogen relative to total nitrogen discharged. Seasonal influences on organic nitrogen concentrations were also examined. The median ON concentration from the stormwater wetlands was 0.78 mg l−1, and despite differences in wetland design and influent ON characteristics, outlet ON concentrations from all but one wetland were not significantly different. ON export from all stormwater wetlands was significantly less than untreated runoff entering the wetlands (p = 0.002). In addition, median organic:total nitrogen (ON:TN) ratios from stormwater wetlands (0.75) were significantly greater than from untreated urban runoff (0.66), comparing more closely to ON:TN ratios collected from a naturally occurring wetland and reported in the literature for natural landscapes. Seasonal differences in organic nitrogen concentrations were identified with significantly lower concentrations during the winter. Though stormwater wetlands will not (and perhaps should not be expected to) completely remove total nitrogen loads from runoff, these results suggest constructed wetlands can play a role in restoring the balance between organic and inorganic nitrogen forms closer to that of an undisturbed landscape. The presence of background organic nitrogen concentrations from stormwater wetlands similar to those from a naturally occurring wetland highlights the importance of choosing appropriate metrics (e.g., effluent concentrations) when assessing treatment performance.}, number={4}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Moore, Trisha L. C. and Hunt, William F. and Burchell, Michael R. and Hathaway, Jon M.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={589–594} }