@article{diamond_chick_dunn_ellison_sanders_gotelli_2017, title={Heat tolerance predicts the strength of species interaction effects under global climate change}, volume={57}, journal={Integrative and Comparative Biology}, author={Diamond, S. E. and Chick, L. and Dunn, R. R. and Ellison, A. M. and Sanders, N. J. and Gotelli, N. J.}, year={2017}, pages={E244–244} }
 @article{kingsolver_diamond_gomulkiewicz_2015, title={Curve-thinking: Understanding reaction norms and developmental trajectories as traits}, journal={Integrative Organismal Biology}, author={Kingsolver, J. and Diamond, S. and Gomulkiewicz, R.}, year={2015}, pages={39–53} }
 @article{murren_maclean_diamond_steiner_heskel_handelsman_ghalambor_auld_callahan_pfennig_et al._2014, title={Evolutionary change in continuous reaction norms}, volume={183}, number={4}, journal={American Naturalist}, author={Murren, C. J. and Maclean, H. J. and Diamond, S. E. and Steiner, U. K. and Heskel, M. A. and Handelsman, C. A. and Ghalambor, C. K. and Auld, J. R. and Callahan, H. S. and Pfennig, D. W. and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={453–467} }
 @article{pelini_diamond_nichols_stuble_ellison_sanders_dunn_gotelli_2014, title={Geographic differences in effects of experimental warming on ant species diversity and community composition}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2150-8925"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84919786449&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1890/es14-00143.1}, abstractNote={Ecological communities are being reshaped by climatic change. Losses and gains of species will alter community composition and diversity but these effects are likely to vary geographically and may be hard to predict from uncontrolled “natural experiments”. In this study, we used open‐top warming chambers to simulate a range of warming scenarios for ground‐nesting ant communities at a northern (Harvard Forest, MA) and southern (Duke Forest, NC) study site in the eastern US. After 2.5 years of experimental warming, we found no significant effects of accumulated growing degree days or soil moisture on ant diversity or community composition at the northern site, but a decrease in asymptotic species richness and changes in community composition at the southern site. However, fewer than 10% of the species at either site responded significantly to the warming treatments. Our results contrast with those of a comparable natural experiment conducted along a nearby elevational gradient, in which species richness and composition responded strongly to changes in temperature and other correlated variables. Together, our findings provide some support for the prediction that warming will have a larger negative effect on ecological communities in warmer locales at lower latitudes and suggest that predicted responses to warming may differ between controlled field experiments and unmanipulated thermal gradients.}, number={10}, journal={ECOSPHERE}, author={Pelini, S. L. and Diamond, S. E. and Nichols, L. M. and Stuble, K. L. and Ellison, A. M. and Sanders, N. J. and Dunn, R. R. and Gotelli, N. J.}, year={2014}, month={Oct} }
 @article{diamond_cayton_wepprich_jenkins_dunn_haddad_ries_2014, title={Unexpected phenological responses of butterflies to the interaction of urbanization and geographic temperature}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907211442&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1890/13-1848.1}, abstractNote={Urbanization and global climate change can profoundly alter biological systems, yet scientists often analyze their effects separately. We test how the timing of life cycle events (phenology) is jointly influenced by these two components of global change. To do so, we use a long‐term phenological data set of 20 common butterfly species from 83 sites across the state of Ohio, USA, with sites that range from rural undeveloped areas to moderately sized cities. These sites span a latitudinal gradient in mean temperature of several °C, mimicking the range of projected global climate warming effects through the end of the century. Although shifts toward earlier phenology are typical of species' responses to either global climate change or urbanization, we found that their interaction delayed several Ohio butterfly species' first appearance and peak abundance phenology. Exploitative species exhibited smaller delays in first appearance and peak abundance phenology in areas that were urbanized and geographically warm. Our results show that phenological responses to urbanization are contingent upon geographic variation in temperature, and that the impacts of urbanization and global climate change should be considered simultaneously when developing forecasts of biological responses to environmental change.}, number={9}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Diamond, Sarah E. and Cayton, Heather and Wepprich, Tyson and Jenkins, Clinton N. and Dunn, Robert R. and Haddad, Nick M. and Ries, Leslie}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={2613–2621} }
 @article{resasco_pelini_stuble_sanders_dunn_diamond_ellison_gotelli_levey_2014, title={Using Historical and Experimental Data to Reveal Warming Effects on Ant Assemblages}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84895171517&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0088029}, abstractNote={Historical records of species are compared with current records to elucidate effects of recent climate change. However, confounding variables such as succession, land-use change, and species invasions make it difficult to demonstrate a causal link between changes in biota and changes in climate. Experiments that manipulate temperature can overcome this issue of attribution, but long-term impacts of warming are difficult to test directly. Here we combine historical and experimental data to explore effects of warming on ant assemblages in southeastern US. Observational data span a 35-year period (1976–2011), during which mean annual temperatures had an increasing trend. Mean summer temperatures in 2010–2011 were ∼2.7°C warmer than in 1976. Experimental data come from an ongoing study in the same region, for which temperatures have been increased ∼1.5–5.5°C above ambient from 2010 to 2012. Ant species richness and evenness decreased with warming under natural but not experimental warming. These discrepancies could have resulted from differences in timescales of warming, abiotic or biotic factors, or initial species pools. Species turnover tended to increase with temperature in observational and experimental datasets. At the species level, the observational and experimental datasets had four species in common, two of which exhibited consistent patterns between datasets. With natural and experimental warming, collections of the numerically dominant, thermophilic species, Crematogaster lineolata, increased roughly two-fold. Myrmecina americana, a relatively heat intolerant species, decreased with temperature in natural and experimental warming. In contrast, species in the Solenopsis molesta group did not show consistent responses to warming, and Temenothorax pergandei was rare across temperatures. Our results highlight the difficulty of interpreting community responses to warming based on historical records or experiments alone. Because some species showed consistent responses to warming based on thermal tolerances, understanding functional traits may prove useful in explaining responses of species to warming.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Resasco, Julian and Pelini, Shannon L. and Stuble, Katharine L. and Sanders, Nathan J. and Dunn, Robert R. and Diamond, Sarah E. and Ellison, Aaron M. and Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Levey, Douglas J.}, year={2014}, month={Feb} }
 @article{vargo_leniaud_swoboda_diamond_weiser_miller_bagneres_2013, title={Clinal variation in colony breeding structure and level of inbreeding in the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes and R.grassei}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1365-294X"]}, DOI={10.1111/mec.12166}, abstractNote={AbstractSocial insects exhibit remarkable variation in their colony breeding structures, both within and among species. Ecological factors are believed to be important in shaping reproductive traits of social insect colonies, yet there is little information linking specific environmental variables with differences in breeding structure. Subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae) show exceptional variation in colony breeding structure, differing in the number of reproductives and degree of inbreeding; colonies can be simple families headed by a single pair of monogamous reproductives (king and queen) or they can be extended families headed by multiple inbreeding neotenic reproductives (wingless individuals). Using microsatellite markers, we characterized colony breeding structure and levels of inbreeding in populations over large parts of the range of the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes in the USA and R. grassei in Europe. Combining these new data with previous results on populations of both species, we found that latitude had a strong effect on the proportion of extended‐family colonies in R. flavipes and on levels of inbreeding in both species. We examined the effect of several environmental variables that vary latitudinally; while the degree of inbreeding was greatest in cool, moist habitats in both species, seasonality affected the species differently. Inbreeding in R. flavipes was most strongly associated with climatic variables (mean annual temperature and seasonality), whereas nonclimatic variables, including the availability of wood substrate and soil composition, were important predictors of inbreeding in R. grassei. These results are the first showing that termite breeding structure is shaped by local environmental factors and that species can vary in their responses to these factors.}, number={5}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}, author={Vargo, Edward L. and Leniaud, Laurianne and Swoboda, Lois E. and Diamond, Sarah E. and Weiser, Michael D. and Miller, Dini M. and Bagneres, Anne-Genevieve}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={1447–1462} }
 @article{jenkins_guenard_diamond_weiser_dunn_2013, title={Conservation implications of divergent global patterns of ant and vertebrate diversity}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1472-4642"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880136840&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/ddi.12090}, abstractNote={AbstractAimGlobal conservation planning is often oriented around vertebrates and plants, yet most organisms are invertebrates. To explore the potential conservation implications of this bias, we assessed how well patterns of diversity for an influential group of invertebrates, the ants, correspond with those of three vertebrate groups (birds, mammals and amphibians).LocationGlobal.MethodsWe compiled data on the number of genera of ants and the three vertebrate groups for 370 political regions across the world. We then compared their correlations both for overall diversity and between subsets of genera likely to be of conservation concern. We also developed generalized additive models (GAM) to identify regions where vertebrates and ants diverged in their diversity patterns.ResultsWhile ant and vertebrate diversity do positively correlate, the correlations are substantially weaker for the ant lineages of the greatest conservation concern. Vertebrates also notably fail to predict ant diversity in specific geographic areas, including Australia and Southeast Asia, parts of Africa and Madagascar, and south‐western China. These failures may be genuine differences in diversity patterns, or they may indicate important gaps in our knowledge of ant and vertebrate diversity.Main conclusionsWe conclude that it is currently unwise to assume that global conservation priorities based on vertebrates will conserve ants as well. We suspect that this also applies to other invertebrates.}, number={8}, journal={DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS}, author={Jenkins, Clinton N. and Guenard, Benoit and Diamond, Sarah E. and Weiser, Michael D. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={1084–1092} }
 @article{stuble_pelini_diamond_fowler_dunn_sanders_2013, title={Foraging by forest ants under experimental climatic warming: a test at two sites}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2045-7758"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84886236870&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.473}, abstractNote={AbstractClimatic warming is altering the behavior of individuals and the composition of communities. However, recent studies have shown that the impact of warming on ectotherms varies geographically: species at warmer sites where environmental temperatures are closer to their upper critical thermal limits are more likely to be negatively impacted by warming than are species inhabiting relatively cooler sites. We used a large‐scale experimental temperature manipulation to warm intact forest ant assemblages in the field and examine the impacts of chronic warming on foraging at a southern (North Carolina) and northern (Massachusetts) site in eastern North America. We examined the influence of temperature on the abundance and recruitment of foragers as well as the number of different species observed foraging. Finally, we examined the relationship between the mean temperature at which a species was found foraging and the critical thermal maximum temperature of that species, relating functional traits to behavior. We found that forager abundance and richness were related to the experimental increase in temperature at the southern site, but not the northern site. Additionally, individual species responded differently to temperature: some species foraged more under warmer conditions, whereas others foraged less. Importantly, these species‐specific responses were related to functional traits of species (at least at the Duke Forest site). Species with higher critical thermal maxima had greater forager densities at higher temperatures than did species with lower critical thermal maxima. Our results indicate that while climatic warming may alter patterns of foraging activity in predictable ways, these shifts vary among species and between sites. More southerly sites and species with lower critical thermal maxima are likely to be at greater risk to ongoing climatic warming.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Stuble, Katharine L. and Pelini, Shannon L. and Diamond, Sarah E. and Fowler, David A. and Dunn, Robert R. and Sanders, Nathan J.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={482–491} }
 @article{kingsolver_diamond_buckley_2013, title={Heat stress and the fitness consequences of climate change for terrestrial ectotherms}, volume={27}, number={6}, journal={Functional Ecology}, author={Kingsolver, J. G. and Diamond, S. E. and Buckley, L. B.}, year={2013}, pages={1415–1423} }
 @misc{siepielski_gotanda_morrissey_diamond_dibattista_carlson_2013, title={The spatial patterns of directional phenotypic selection}, volume={16}, number={11}, journal={Ecology Letters}, author={Siepielski, A. M. and Gotanda, K. M. and Morrissey, M. B. and Diamond, S. E. and DiBattista, J. D. and Carlson, S. M.}, year={2013}, pages={1382–1392} }
 @article{diamond_penick_pelini_ellison_gotelli_sanders_dunn_2013, title={Using Physiology to Predict the Responses of Ants to Climatic Warming}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1557-7023"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893732452&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/icb/ict085}, abstractNote={Physiological intolerance of high temperatures places limits on organismal responses to the temperature increases associated with global climatic change. Because ants are geographically widespread, ecologically diverse, and thermophilic, they are an ideal system for exploring the extent to which physiological tolerance can predict responses to environmental change. Here, we expand on simple models that use thermal tolerance to predict the responses of ants to climatic warming. We investigated the degree to which changes in the abundance of ants under warming reflect reductions in the thermal niche space for their foraging. In an eastern deciduous forest system in the United States with approximately 40 ant species, we found that for some species, the loss of thermal niche space for foraging was related to decreases in abundance with increasing experimental climatic warming. However, many ant species exhibited no loss of thermal niche space. For one well-studied species, Temnothorax curvispinosus, we examined both survival of workers and growth of colonies (a correlate of reproductive output) as functions of temperature in the laboratory, and found that the range of thermal tolerances for colony growth was much narrower than for survival of workers. We evaluated these functions in the context of experimental climatic warming and found that the difference in the responses of these two attributes to temperature generates differences in the means and especially the variances of expected fitness under warming. The expected mean growth of colonies was optimized at intermediate levels of warming (2-4°C above ambient); yet, the expected variance monotonically increased with warming. In contrast, the expected mean and variance of the survival of workers decreased when warming exceeded 4°C above ambient. Together, these results for T. curvispinosus emphasize the importance of measuring reproduction (colony growth) in the context of climatic change: indeed, our examination of the loss of thermal niche space with the larger species pool could be missing much of the warming impact due to these analyses being based on survival rather than reproduction. We suggest that while physiological tolerance of temperature can be a useful predictive tool for modeling responses to climatic change, future efforts should be devoted to understanding the causes and consequences of variability in models of tolerance calibrated with different metrics of performance and fitness.}, number={6}, journal={INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY}, author={Diamond, Sarah E. and Penick, Clint A. and Pelini, Shannon L. and Ellison, Aaron M. and Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Sanders, Nathan J. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={965–974} }
 @article{diamond_nichols_mccoy_hirsch_pelini_sanders_ellison_gotelli_dunn_2012, title={A physiological trait-based approach to predicting the responses of species to experimental climate warming}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869193184&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1890/11-2296.1}, abstractNote={Physiological tolerance of environmental conditions can influence species‐level responses to climate change. Here, we used species‐specific thermal tolerances to predict the community responses of ant species to experimental forest‐floor warming at the northern and southern boundaries of temperate hardwood forests in eastern North America. We then compared the predictive ability of thermal tolerance vs. correlative species distribution models (SDMs) which are popular forecasting tools for modeling the effects of climate change. Thermal tolerances predicted the responses of 19 ant species to experimental climate warming at the southern site, where environmental conditions are relatively close to the ants' upper thermal limits. In contrast, thermal tolerances did not predict the responses of the six species in the northern site, where environmental conditions are relatively far from the ants' upper thermal limits. Correlative SDMs were not predictive at either site. Our results suggest that, in environments close to a species' physiological limits, physiological trait‐based measurements can successfully forecast the responses of species to future conditions. Although correlative SDMs may predict large‐scale responses, such models may not be accurate for predicting site‐level responses.}, number={11}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Diamond, Sarah E. and Nichols, Lauren M. and McCoy, Neil and Hirsch, Christopher and Pelini, Shannon L. and Sanders, Nathan J. and Ellison, Aaron M. and Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={2305–2312} }
 @article{pelini_diamond_maclean_ellison_gotelli_sanders_dunn_2012, title={Common garden experiments reveal uncommon responses across temperatures, locations, and species of ants}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2045-7758"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880614573&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.407}, abstractNote={AbstractPopulation changes and shifts in geographic range boundaries induced by climate change have been documented for many insect species. On the basis of such studies, ecological forecasting models predict that, in the absence of dispersal and resource barriers, many species will exhibit large shifts in abundance and geographic range in response to warming. However, species are composed of individual populations, which may be subject to different selection pressures and therefore may be differentially responsive to environmental change. Asystematic responses across populations and species to warming will alter ecological communities differently across space. Common garden experiments can provide a more mechanistic understanding of the causes of compositional and spatial variation in responses to warming. Such experiments are useful for determining if geographically separated populations and co‐occurring species respond differently to warming, and they provide the opportunity to compare effects of warming on fitness (survivorship and reproduction). We exposed colonies of two common ant species in the eastern United States, Aphaenogaster rudis and Temnothorax curvispinosus, collected along a latitudinal gradient from Massachusetts to North Carolina, to growth chamber treatments that simulated current and projected temperatures in central Massachusetts and central North Carolina within the next century. Regardless of source location, colonies of A. rudis, a keystone seed disperser, experienced high mortality and low brood production in the warmest temperature treatment. Colonies of T. curvispinosus from cooler locations experienced increased mortality in the warmest rearing temperatures, but colonies from the warmest locales did not. Our results suggest that populations of some common species may exhibit uniform declines in response to warming across their geographic ranges, whereas other species will respond differently to warming in different parts of their geographic ranges. Our results suggest that differential responses of populations and species must be incorporated into projections of range shifts in a changing climate.}, number={12}, journal={ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Pelini, Shannon L. and Diamond, Sarah E. and MacLean, Heidi and Ellison, Aaron M. and Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Sanders, Nathan J. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={3009–3015} }
 @article{diamond_kingsolver_2012, title={Host plant adaptation and the evolution of thermal reaction norms}, volume={169}, number={2}, journal={Oecologia}, author={Diamond, S. E. and Kingsolver, J. G.}, year={2012}, pages={353–360} }
 @article{hulcr_rountree_diamond_stelinski_fierer_dunn_2012, title={Mycangia of Ambrosia Beetles Host Communities of Bacteria}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1432-184X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866735178&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00248-012-0055-5}, abstractNote={The research field of animal and plant symbioses is advancing from studying interactions between two species to whole communities of associates. High-throughput sequencing of microbial communities supports multiplexed sampling for statistically robust tests of hypotheses about symbiotic associations. We focus on ambrosia beetles, the increasingly damaging insects primarily associated with fungal symbionts, which have also been reported to support bacteria. To analyze the diversity, composition, and specificity of the beetles' prokaryotic associates, we combine global sampling, insect anatomy, 454 sequencing of bacterial rDNA, and multivariate statistics to analyze prokaryotic communities in ambrosia beetle mycangia, organs mostly known for transporting symbiotic fungi. We analyze six beetle species that represent three types of mycangia and include several globally distributed species, some with major economic importance (Dendroctonus frontalis, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus bispinatus–ferrugineus, Xyleborus glabratus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus). Ninety-six beetle mycangia yielded 1,546 bacterial phylotypes. Several phylotypes appear to form the core microbiome of the mycangium. Three Mycoplasma (originally thought restricted to vertebrates), two Burkholderiales, and two Pseudomonadales are repeatedly present worldwide in multiple beetle species. However, no bacterial phylotypes were universally present, suggesting that ambrosia beetles are not obligately dependent on bacterial symbionts. The composition of bacterial communities is structured by the host beetle species more than by the locality of origin, which suggests that more bacteria are vertically transmitted than acquired from the environment. The invasive X. glabratus and the globally distributed X. crassiusculus have unique sets of bacteria, different from species native to North America. We conclude that the mycangium hosts in multiple vertically transmitted bacteria such as Mycoplasma, most of which are likely facultative commensals or parasites.}, number={3}, journal={MICROBIAL ECOLOGY}, author={Hulcr, J. and Rountree, N. R. and Diamond, S. E. and Stelinski, L. L. and Fierer, N. and Dunn, R. R.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={784–793} }
 @article{kingsolver_diamond_siepielski_carlson_2012, title={Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural populations: lessons, limitations and future directions}, volume={26}, number={5}, journal={Evolutionary Ecology}, author={Kingsolver, J. G. and Diamond, S. E. and Siepielski, A. M. and Carlson, S. M.}, year={2012}, pages={1101–1118} }
 @article{mcglynn_diamond_dunn_2012, title={Tradeoffs in the Evolution of Caste and Body Size in the Hyperdiverse Ant Genus Pheidole}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84868108285&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0048202}, abstractNote={The efficient investment of resources is often the route to ecological success, and the adaptability of resource investment may play a critical role in promoting biodiversity. The ants of the “hyperdiverse” genus Pheidole produce two discrete sterile castes, soldiers and minor workers. Within Pheidole, there is tremendous interspecific variation in proportion of soldiers. The causes and correlates of caste ratio variation among species of Pheidole remain enigmatic. Here we test whether a body size threshold model accounts for interspecific variation in caste ratio in Pheidole, such that species with larger body sizes produce relatively fewer soldiers within their colonies. We evaluated the caste ratio of 26 species of Pheidole and found that the body size of workers accounts for interspecific variation in the production of soldiers as we predicted. Twelve species sampled from one forest in Costa Rica yielded the same relationship as found in previously published data from many localities. We conclude that production of soldiers in the most species-rich group of ants is regulated by a body size threshold mechanism, and that the great variation in body size and caste ratio in Pheidole plays a role in niche divergence in this rapidly evolving taxon.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={McGlynn, Terrence P. and Diamond, Sarah E. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @article{diamond_sorger_hulcr_pelini_del toro_hirsch_oberg_dunn_2012, title={Who likes it hot? A global analysis of the climatic, ecological, and evolutionary determinants of warming tolerance in ants}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Global Change Biology}, author={Diamond, S. E. and Sorger, D. M. and Hulcr, J. and Pelini, S. L. and Del Toro, I. and Hirsch, C. and Oberg, E. and Dunn, R. R.}, year={2012}, pages={448–456} }
 @article{diamond_frame_martin_buckley_2011, title={Species' traits predict phenological responses to climate change in butterflies}, volume={92}, number={5}, journal={Ecology (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.)}, author={Diamond, S. E. and Frame, A. M. and Martin, R. A. and Buckley, L. B.}, year={2011}, pages={1005–1012} }