@misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_sutula_2003, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,517,856}, number={2003 Feb. 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2003} }
 @article{young_bailey_roe_2003, title={Spinosad selection of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and characterization of resistance}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00147-3}, abstractNote={The potential for insect resistance to the spinosyns, a novel class of insecticide chemistry, was examined using a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), originally collected from tobacco at sites in North Carolina. Technical grade spinosad (spinosyns A and D), was topically applied to third instars. Initially 533 third instars were used but one to two thousand larvae were treated per generation thereafter. Initially mortality ranged from 75% to 85% with doses of 0.044–0.088 μg per larva, until the fifth generation (G5) when mortality decreased. The selection dose was subsequently increased every generation from G5 to G11 in an attempt to restore mortality to >70%. After six generations of selection, the LD50 of the selected budworms was 1.68-times that of the parental generation (G1) as estimated 15 d after treatment. By G14, the topical LD50 of the selected insects was 1068-fold greater than the parental generation. Four additional populations of the budworm from the southeastern US demonstrated similar LD50s to spinosad as our parental strain, suggesting that the parental budworms from North Carolina were representative of field populations elsewhere. The resistance ratio determined with spinosad (formulated as Tracer®) in heliothine diet was 314-fold at 15 d after the start of exposure. Injection of spinosad into the larval hemocoel resulted in a >163-fold resistance ratio 15 d after injection, indicating that resistance could not be explained simply by altered penetration alone. Mortality was delayed in the resistant relative to the parental generation regardless of whether third instars were topically treated or exposed to treated diet. Spinosad resistance was also expressed in G14 adults, indicating that an adult vial test would be feasible for monitoring resistance. A feeding disruption assay was developed to monitor larval resistance in the field.}, number={2}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Young, HP and Bailey, WD and Roe, RM}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={265–273} }
 @article{scott_trumbo_neese_bailey_roe_2001, title={Changes in biosynthesis and degradation of juvenile hormone during breeding by burying beetles: a reproductive or social role?}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00116-5}, abstractNote={Burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis, depend on the location of an unpredictable resource, a small vertebrate carcass, for reproduction. When they discover a carcass, they undergo a correlated rapid rise in titers of juvenile hormone (JH) in the hemolymph and ovarian development. This study investigates the regulation of the changes in JH during breeding in both male and female burying beetles and the role of JH in ovarian development. JH biosynthesis by the corpora allata (CA), measured in vitro, increased in females within an hour of their discovery of a carcass and increased later in males. After returning to low rates as oviposition began, JH biosynthesis rose again 3 days later in females but not in males. Neither the ovaries nor testes synthesized JH. There was a concomitant fall in JH esterase activity within 12 h of discovery of the carcass in both males and females. Although the rise in JH titers and biosynthesis and the fall in JH esterase is correlated with ovarian development, application of methoprene or JH III in the absence of a carcass did not result in vitellogenin uptake by the oocytes. Therefore, we conclude that, in spite of the rapid rise in JH before oviposition, it is not sufficient to regulate vitellogenin synthesis and/or its uptake by the ovaries. We suggest that its role has been preempted to organize social behavior and coordinate parental behavior between mates.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Scott, MP and Trumbo, ST and Neese, PA and Bailey, WD and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={295–302} }
 @article{bailey_brownie_bacheler_gould_kennedy_sorenson_roe_2001, title={Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.76}, abstractNote={Abstract Validation of a feeding disruption bioassay for the detection of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and species identification is reported using field strains of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea collected from the southern United States in 1998. Feeding disruption is measured by a lack of fecal production from larvae exposed to a diagnostic concentration of CryIAc in a blue indicator diet. The bioassay provided rapid (24 h) diagnosis of the species composition of larvae tested and also monitored for the presence of resistance in H. virescens. An additional diagnostic concentration was established for monitoring resistance in H. zea. A probit model was used to compare the fecal production responses of insect strains over a range of CryIAc doses. Probability calculations, derived from our assay results, are also presented to aid in the interpretation of future results from field trials. Integration of the feeding disruption bioassay into integrated pest management programs is discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Bailey, WD and Brownie, C and Bacheler, JS and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Sorenson, CE and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={76–85} }
 @article{roe_bailey_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_rose_hodgson_sutula_2000, title={Detection of resistant insects and IPM}, ISBN={0890542465}, journal={Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation}, publisher={St. Paul, MN : APS Press,}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and Bacheler, J. S. and Rose, R. L. and Hodgson, E. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2000}, pages={67} }
 @misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_2000, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,060,039}, number={2000 May 9}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{bailey_zhao_carter_gould_kennedy_roe_1998, title={Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00057-X}, abstractNote={Bioassay methodology was developed for species diagnosis of Heliothis virescens compared with Helicoverpa zea in cotton and to detect H. virescens larvae with significant levels of resistance to the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay end-point is feeding disruption, which is measured by a lack of fecal production by larvae exposed to a diagnostic dose of CrylAc in a blue indicator diet. In laboratory tests, the bioassay accurately distinguished neonates of H. zea from H. virescens and was able to detect B. thuringiensis resistance in H. virescens. The assay is rapid compared with mortality assays and should be inexpensive. The assay should also be adaptable to current cotton integrated pest management programs and sampling techniques and detect most physiological mechanisms of B. thuringiensis resistance. The potential utility of the feeding disruption assay in cotton integrated pest management and with other crops, insect pests and insecticides is discussed. The studies reported here were conducted on laboratory strains of B. thuringiensis susceptible H. virescens and H. zea and a highly B. thuringiensis-resistant laboratory strain of H. virescens (YHD2) originally collected in North Carolina.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bailey, WD and Zhao, G and Carter, LM and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Roe, RM}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={591–598} }