@article{bakal_bai_stoskopf_2004, title={Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in a 5 : 1 ratio following intraperitoneal and oral administration, in the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxitalis)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00540.x}, abstractNote={Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, administered in a 5:1 ratio, via the oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes were determined in the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxitalis). Plasma concentrations of both drugs were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A first‐order one‐compartment model adequately described plasma drug disposition. The elimination half‐lives for sulfadimethoxine following i.p. and oral administration were 26 and 10.5 h, respectively. The half‐lives for ormetoprim administered via i.p. and oral routes were 7.5 and 3.9 h, respectively. Cmax for sulfadimethoxine via the i.p. and oral routes were calculated to be 27.7 (±9.0) μg/mL at 3.6 h and 3.2 (±1.2) μg/mL at 1.2 h, respectively. Cmax for ormetoprim via the i.p. route was calculated to be 1.2 (±0.5) μg/mL at 9.1 h and 1.58 (±0.7) μg/mL at 5.7 h for the oral route. The oral availability of sulfadimethoxine relative to the i.p. route was 4.6%, while the oral availability of ormetoprim relative to the i.p. route was 78.5%. Due to the nonconstant ratio of these drugs in the plasma of the animal, the actual drug ratio to use for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is unclear. Using the ratio of the total amount of each drug that is absorbed as a surrogate for the mean actual ratio may be the best alternative to current methods. Using this ratio as determined in these studies, (2.14:1 sulfadimethoxine:ormetoprim) to determine the MICs the single 50 mg/kg oral dose of the 5:1 combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim appears to provide plasma concentrations high enough to inhibit the growth of Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella tarda, and Escherichia coli.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Bakal, RS and Bai, SA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{bakal_stoskopf_2001, title={In vitro studies of the fate of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in the aquatic environment}, volume={195}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00539-1}, abstractNote={These studies showed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim to be stable at salinities of 0 and 30 ppt and at pHs of 2, 7, and 12 for a period of 1 year. Sulfadimethoxine was stable at 25°C and 37°C, but showed a marked decrease in concentration at 4°C. Warming of the 4°C sample resulted in a return to original drug levels indicating that the drug had redistributed out of the aquatic phase at the lower temperature. Ormetoprim concentrations were stable at all temperatures evaluated. The concentrations of both sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim were unaffected by the presence of silica sand, high density poly-ethylene, or poly-vinyl chloride. The presence of bentonite clay caused a reduction in ormetoprim concentrations while sulfadimethoxine was unchanged by this substrate. Acidification of the sample containing the bentonite clay resulted in a return of ormetoprim concentration to original levels. From these studies, it is apparent that the potential environmental half-lives for these drugs must exceed 1 year and are likely to be several years in duration.}, number={1-2}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Bakal, RS and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={95–102} }
 @article{bakal_harms_khoo_stoskopf_1999, title={Sinus venosus catheterization for repeated vascular access in the hybrid striped bass}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0187:svcfrv>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Placement of vascular cannulae for repeated venous blood sampling has proven to be a useful technique in many fish species. The anatomy and size of the hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis ♀ × M. chrysops ♂) makes this procedure challenging in this species. The sinus venosus was determined to be the best site for catheter placement based on size, accessibility, and ability to stabilize the catheter within it. Catheterization of the sinus venosus with a 20-gauge × 3.8-cm flexible Teflon catheter was unsuccessful because the catheter folded on itself, occluding the lumen. Catheterization with an 18-gauge × 3.8-cm hypodermic needle was also unsuccessful because the sinus wall occluded the needle lumen when negative pressure was applied. However, 18-gauge × 3.8-cm intravascular needles remained patent in free-swimming fish for 2 weeks without major complications. An external fixation device to prevent migration of the catheter out of the sinus venosus and laceration of the sinus wall du...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Bakal, RS and Harms, CA and Khoo, LH and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={187–191} }
 @article{bakal_love_lewbart_berry_1998, title={Imaging a spinal fracture in a Kohaku Koi (Cyprinus carpio): Techniques and case history report}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01613.x}, abstractNote={An ornamental pet fish was diagnosed with a spinal fracture and subluxation involving truncal vertebrae 5 and 6 (T5‐T6) using conventional radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography. Attempts to evaluate the dynamic nature of the lesion using conventional fluoroscopy in the unanesthetized, moving patient were unsuccessful. Adaptation of imaging techniques to accommodate a fish patient was not difficult and diagnostic images were obtained. The use of multiple imaging techniques was useful in the diagnosis and determination of the treatment plan of the spinal fracture in this patient.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Bakal, RS and Love, NE and Lewbart, GA and Berry, CR}, year={1998}, pages={318–321} }
 @article{lewbart_spodnick_barlow_love_geoly_bakal_1998, title={Surgical removal of an undifferentiated abdominal sarcoma from a koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={143}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.143.20.556}, abstractNote={An undifferentiated abdominal sarcoma was removed surgically from a koi carp. The diagnostic procedures, including radiography and computed tomography, and the procedures for general anaesthesia and the surgical approach for a celiotomy in a fish are described. The gross and microscopic appearance of the tumour is described and lustrated.}, number={20}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Lewbart, GA and Spodnick, G and Barlow, N and Love, NE and Geoly, F and Bakal, RS}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={556–558} }
 @article{harms_bakal_khoo_spaulding_lewbart_1995, title={Microsurgical excision of an abdominal mass in a gourami (Colisa labiosa)}, volume={207}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Harms, C. A. and Bakal, R. S. and Khoo, L. H. and Spaulding, K. A. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1995}, pages={1215–1217} }