@article{huang_menne_boyer_freeman_gleason_lawrimore_liu_rennie_schreck_sun_et al._2020, title={Uncertainty Estimates for Sea Surface Temperature and Land Surface Air Temperature in NOAAGlobalTemp Version 5}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, DOI={10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0395.1}, abstractNote={Abstract This analysis estimates uncertainty in the NOAA global surface temperature (GST) version 5 (NOAAGlobalTemp v5) product, which consists of sea surface temperature (SST) from the Extended Reconstructed SST version 5 (ERSSTv5) and land surface air temperature (LSAT) from the Global Historical Climatology Network monthly version 4 (GHCNm v4). Total uncertainty in SST and LSAT consists of parametric and reconstruction uncertainties. The parametric uncertainty represents the dependence of SST/LSAT reconstructions on selecting 28 (6) internal parameters of SST (LSAT), and is estimated by a 1000-member ensemble from 1854 to 2016. The reconstruction uncertainty represents the residual error of using a limited number of 140 (65) modes for SST (LSAT). Uncertainty is quantified at the global scale as well as the local grid scale. Uncertainties in SST and LSAT at the local grid scale are larger in the earlier period (1880s–1910s) and during the two world wars due to sparse observations, then decrease in the modern period (1950s–2010s) due to increased data coverage. Uncertainties in SST and LSAT at the global scale are much smaller than those at the local grid scale due to error cancellations by averaging. Uncertainties are smaller in SST than in LSAT due to smaller SST variabilities. Comparisons show that GST and its uncertainty in NOAAGlobalTemp v5 are comparable to those in other internationally recognized GST products. The differences between NOAAGlobalTemp v5 and other GST products are within their uncertainties at the 95% confidence level.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Huang, Boyin and Menne, Matthew J. and Boyer, Tim and Freeman, Eric and Gleason, Byron E. and Lawrimore, Jay H. and Liu, Chunying and Rennie, J. Jared and Schreck, Carl J., III and Sun, Fengying and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={1351–1379} }
 @article{lawrimore_aneja_1997, title={A chemical mass balance analysis of nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions in North Carolina}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0045-6535"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030833965&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00321-4}, abstractNote={Abstract The EPA's Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model (CMB7) was used for analysis of nonmethane hydrocarbon source-receptor relationships in the Raleigh, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Three hour integrated ambient samples collected 15 km southeast of downtown Raleigh from 5–8 AM weekdays during August, 1993 were analyzed for speciated hydrocarbons and used as inputs in the model. Additional samples collected from 12–3 PM and 5–8 PM were also analyzed. CMB results for four source profiles, i.e. roadway, whole gas, surface coating, and isoprene were compared with the State of North Carolina's seasonally adjusted emission inventory for anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. The Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BETS) was used to estimate isoprene emissions for a typical summer day in the Raleigh area. CMB results using average concentrations of the 5–8 AM samples were similar to both the anthropogenic and biogenic emission inventory. Mass balance attributed 50.5% of total nonmethane organic carbon to roadway sources, 17.0% to surface coatings, and 4.0% to isoprene sources during the 5–8 AM sampling period; compared to the emission inventory which apportioned 47.5% to mobile sources, 14.0% to surface coating sources and 6.0% to isoprene sources during the same period. Afternoon and early evening samples were used to determine the diurnal profile for isoprene and roadway sources for comparison with emission inventory profiles. CMB results showed roadway source emissions decrease from morning to the afternoon and remain relatively constant from the afternoon to early evening.}, number={11}, journal={CHEMOSPHERE}, author={Lawrimore, JH and Aneja, VP}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={2751–2765} }