@article{hess_waters_bolstad_2000, title={Motivational and cognitive influences on affective priming in adulthood}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1079-5014"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/55.4.P193}, abstractNote={This research examined age differences in the impact of affective primes on judgments about neutral stimuli. When participants were unaware that the primes had been presented, age differences were nonexistent, with individuals of all ages producing likability judgments consistent with the valence of the prime. In contrast, when awareness of the primes was maximized, prime influences were virtually nonexistent in the youngest participants, but prime influences increased with participants' age. In addition, the impact of the primes was differentially affected by an individual's need for simple structure. Need for structure did not influence the performance of young and middle-aged participants, but prime effects increased with need in the oldest participants. It is argued that the stronger predictive validity of need for structure with age is due to aging-related changes in personal resources (both social and cognitive) and/or a closer mapping of individual characteristics onto need with age. Regardless of source, the results argue for closer consideration of motivational factors in determining age differences in performance.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Hess, TM and Waters, SJ and Bolstad, CA}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={P193–P204} }
 @article{hess_bolstad_woodburn_auman_1999, title={Trait diagnosticity versus behavioral consistency as determinants of impression change in adulthood}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0882-7974"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.77}, abstractNote={Age differences in the types of processing associated with impression change were examined. Young, middle-aged, and older adults formed an impression of a target based on a short vignette that described either positive or negative characteristics in 1 of 2 domains (ability vs. morality). Impression change was examined after presentation of additional behavioral information that was inconsistent with the original vignette. Replicating previous findings, younger adults changed their impressions in response to the consistency of the new information with the initial target description. In contrast, impression change in the 2 older groups was based on the trait diagnosticity of the original and new information, suggesting greater use of inferential, knowledge-based processing with age. The results indicate that qualitative difference exist in impression change processes, with different-aged individuals considering different types of information when constructing and updating social representations.}, number={1}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Hess, TM and Bolstad, CA and Woodburn, SM and Auman, C}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={77–89} }
 @article{hess_mcgee_woodburn_bolstad_1998, title={Age-related priming effects in social judgments}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0882-7974"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.127}, abstractNote={Two experiments investigated adult age differences in the impact of previously activated (and thus easily accessible) trait-related information on judgments about people. The authors hypothesized that age-related declines in the efficiency of controlled processing mechanisms during adulthood would be associated with increased susceptibility to judgment biases associated with such information. In each study, different-aged adults made impression judgments about a target, and assimilation of these judgments to trait constructs activated in a previous, unrelated task were examined. Consistent with the authors' hypotheses, older adults were likely to form impressions that were biased toward the primed trait constructs. In contrast, younger adults exhibited greater awareness of the primed information and were more likely to correct for its perceived influence, especially when distinctive contextual cues regarding the source of the primes were available.}, number={1}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Hess, TM and McGee, KA and Woodburn, SM and Bolstad, CA}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={127–137} }