@article{lee_papich_hardie_2000, title={Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.672}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To compare pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fentanyl citrate after IV or transdermal administration in cats. Animals —6 healthy adult cats with a mean weight of 3.78 kg. Procedure —Each cat was given fentanyl IV (25 mg/cat; mean ± SD dosage, 7.19 ± 1.17 mg/kg of body weight) and via a transdermal patch (25 µg of fentanyl/h). Plasma concentrations of fentanyl were measured by use of radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma drug concentrations were conducted, using an automated curvestripping process followed by nonlinear, leastsquares regression. Transdermal delivery of drug was calculated by use of IV pharmacokinetic data. Results —Plasma concentrations of fentanyl given IV decreased rapidly (mean elimination half-life, 2.35 ± 0.57 hours). Mean ± SEM calculated rate of transdermal delivery of fentanyl was 8.48 ± 1.7 mg/h (< 36% of the theoretical 25 mg/h). Median steadystate concentration of fentanyl 12 to 100 hours after application of the transdermal patch was 1.58 ng/ml. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl < 1.0 ng/ml were detected in 4 of 6 cats 12 hours after patch application, 5 of 6 cats 18 and 24 hours after application, and 6 of 6 cats 36 hours after application. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In cats, transdermal administration provides sustained plasma concentrations of fentanyl citrate throughout a 5- day period. Variation of plasma drug concentrations with transdermal absorption for each cat was pronounced. Transdermal administration of fentanyl has potential for use in cats for long-term control of pain after surgery or chronic pain associated with cancer. ( Am J Vet Res 2000;61:672–677)}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Lee, DD and Papich, MG and Hardie, EM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={672–677} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={Veterinary RecordVolume 146, Issue 3 p. 78-80 Short Communication Hemiovanosalpingecomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) F. B. Nutter DVM, F. B. Nutter DVM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. D. Lee DVM, D. D. Lee DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM, M. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM, M. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author F. B. Nutter DVM, F. B. Nutter DVM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorD. D. Lee DVM, D. D. Lee DVM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM, M. A. Stamper DVM, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this authorM. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM, M. K. Stoskopf DVM, PhD, DipACZM Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 January 2000 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.3.78Citations: 25Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References FRAZER, N. B. (1995) Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. In National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service Status Reviews for Sea Turtles Listed Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Ed P. T. Plotkin. Maryland, Silver Spring, National Marine Fisheries Service. pp 1– 13 LEGLER, J. M. (1958) Extra-uterine migration of ova in turtles. Herpetologica 14, 49– 52 LUTZ, P. L. & DUNBAR-COOPER, A. (1987) Variations in the blood chemistry of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Fishery Bulletin 85, 37– 43 MAHMOUD, I. Y. & KLICKA, J. (1975) Extra-uterine egg migration in snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina serpentina. Journal of Herpetology 9, 242– 243 MILLER, J. D. (1997) Reproductive in sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles. Eds P. L. Lutz, J. A. Musick. CRC Press, New York. pp 51– 81 RAITI, P. (1995) Reproductive problems of reptiles. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians. pp 101– 105 TINKLE, D. W. (1959) Additional remarks on extra-uterine egg migration in turtles. Herpetologica 15, 161– 162 United States Department Of Commerce (1997) Endangered Species Act biennial report to Congress on the status of recovery programs, July 1994 – September 1996. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. p 45 Citing Literature Volume146, Issue3January 2000Pages 78-80 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{lee_meyer_sullivan_davidson_swanson_hellyer_1998, title={Respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of low-dose pancuronium bromide in spontaneously breathing, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00159.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To assess and compare the respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of two low doses of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker, pancuronium bromide. To determine if a “low dose” of pancuronium bromide can produce selective skeletal muscle relaxation in extraocular muscles sufficient to perform intraocular surgery while sparing or minimizing depression of muscles of ventilation. Study Design—Blinded, randomized crossover, placebo controlled study. Animals—Six healthy, adult mongrel dogs weighing 20.8 ±1.9 kg. Methods—Spontaneously breathing, isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs received 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, intravenously (IV), (high dose [HD]), 0.01 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, IV, (low dose [LD]), or saline placebo IV in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Indices of patient ventilation including tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (V E ) were recorded throughout the study period. Serial arterial blood gas analyses were performed at timed intervals. Neuromuscular blockade of skeletal muscle was assessed at timed intervals with train‐of‐four stimulus/response ratios. Eye position scores, based on the degree of ocular rotation from a neutral gaze axis, were assigned by an ophthalmologist who was blinded to the treatment given. Results—Vt and V E in HD dogs decreased by 82% from baseline after administration of pancuronium bromide. Similarly, Vt and V E in LD dogs decreased 40% and 55%, respectively. Decreased ventilation in HD dogs corresponded with significant ( P< .05) neuromuscular blockade, as indicated by train‐of‐four ratio less than 75% between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in HD and LD dogs were suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in five of six control dogs were unsuitable for intraocular surgery at any time period. Conclusions—LD dogs experienced only transient, mild to moderate respiratory depression compared with HD dogs, which experienced prolonged, moderate to severe respiratory depression. Both LD and HD dogs acquired and maintained eye position scores suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 to 60 minutes. A “low dose” of pancuronium bromide, which would provide adequate extraocular muscle relaxation while minimizing ventilatory depression, was not identified. Clinical Relevance—All patients receiving any dose of neuromuscular blocking agents should be closely monitored and receive ventilatory assistance as needed.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Lee, DD and Meyer, RE and Sullivan, TC and Davidson, MG and Swanson, CR and Hellyer, PW}, year={1998}, pages={473–479} }