@article{lee_papich_hardie_2000, title={Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.672}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To compare pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fentanyl citrate after IV or transdermal administration in cats.Animals—6 healthy adult cats with a mean weight of 3.78 kg.Procedure—Each cat was given fentanyl IV (25 mg/cat; mean ± SD dosage, 7.19 ± 1.17 mg/kg of body weight) and via a transdermal patch (25 µg of fentanyl/h). Plasma concentrations of fentanyl were measured by use of radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma drug concentrations were conducted, using an automated curvestripping process followed by nonlinear, leastsquares regression. Transdermal delivery of drug was calculated by use of IV pharmacokinetic data.Results—Plasma concentrations of fentanyl given IV decreased rapidly (mean elimination half-life, 2.35 ± 0.57 hours). Mean ± SEM calculated rate of transdermal delivery of fentanyl was 8.48 ± 1.7 mg/h (< 36% of the theoretical 25 mg/h). Median steadystate concentration of fentanyl 12 to 100 hours after application of the transdermal patch was 1.58 ng/ml. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl < 1.0 ng/ml were detected in 4 of 6 cats 12 hours after patch application, 5 of 6 cats 18 and 24 hours after application, and 6 of 6 cats 36 hours after application.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats, transdermal administration provides sustained plasma concentrations of fentanyl citrate throughout a 5- day period. Variation of plasma drug concentrations with transdermal absorption for each cat was pronounced. Transdermal administration of fentanyl has potential for use in cats for long-term control of pain after surgery or chronic pain associated with cancer. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:672–677)}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Lee, DD and Papich, MG and Hardie, EM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={672–677} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={24, 136-138 HERIKSTAD, H., HAYES, P., MOKHTAR, M., FRACARO, M. L., THRELFALL, E. J. &ANGULO, F. J. (I1997) Emerging quinolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 371-372 HEURTIN-LE CORRE, C., DONNIO, P. Y., PERRIN, M., TRAVERT, M. F. & AVRIL, J. L. (1999) Increasing incidence and comparison of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from humans and animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 266-269 HOWARD, A. J., JOSEPH, T. D., BLOODWORTH, L. L., FROST, J. A., CHART, H. &ROWE, B. (1990) The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy 26,296-298 McCARRON, B. & LOVE, W. C. (I1997) Acalculous non-typhoidal salmonella cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clinical Infectious Disease 24, 707-709 SANCHEZ, R., FERNANDEZ-BACA, V., DIAZ, M. D., MUNOZ, P., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1994) Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter species to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1879-1882 THRELFALL, E. J., WARD, L. R., SKINNER, J. A. & ROWE, B. (1997) Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microbial Drug Resistance 3, 263-266 VASALLO, F. J., MARTIN-RABADAN, P., ALCALA, L., GARCIA-LECHUZ, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1998) Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease 26, 535-536 WAIN, J., HOA, N. T., CHINH, N. T., VINH, H., EVERETT, M. J., DIEP, T. S., DAY, N. P., SOLOMON, T., WHITE, N. J., PIDDOCK, L. J. & PARRY, C. M. (1997) Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Vietnam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clinical Infectious Disease 25, 1404-1410}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{lee_meyer_sullivan_davidson_swanson_hellyer_1998, title={Respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of low-dose pancuronium bromide in spontaneously breathing, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00159.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To assess and compare the respiratory depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of two low doses of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker, pancuronium bromide. To determine if a “low dose” of pancuronium bromide can produce selective skeletal muscle relaxation in extraocular muscles sufficient to perform intraocular surgery while sparing or minimizing depression of muscles of ventilation.Study Design—Blinded, randomized crossover, placebo controlled study. Animals—Six healthy, adult mongrel dogs weighing 20.8 ±1.9 kg.Methods—Spontaneously breathing, isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs received 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, intravenously (IV), (high dose [HD]), 0.01 mg/kg pancuronium bromide, IV, (low dose [LD]), or saline placebo IV in a blinded, randomized crossover study. Indices of patient ventilation including tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (VE) were recorded throughout the study period. Serial arterial blood gas analyses were performed at timed intervals. Neuromuscular blockade of skeletal muscle was assessed at timed intervals with train‐of‐four stimulus/response ratios. Eye position scores, based on the degree of ocular rotation from a neutral gaze axis, were assigned by an ophthalmologist who was blinded to the treatment given.Results—Vt and VE in HD dogs decreased by 82% from baseline after administration of pancuronium bromide. Similarly, Vt and VE in LD dogs decreased 40% and 55%, respectively. Decreased ventilation in HD dogs corresponded with significant (P< .05) neuromuscular blockade, as indicated by train‐of‐four ratio less than 75% between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in HD and LD dogs were suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 and 60 minutes. Eye position scores in five of six control dogs were unsuitable for intraocular surgery at any time period.Conclusions—LD dogs experienced only transient, mild to moderate respiratory depression compared with HD dogs, which experienced prolonged, moderate to severe respiratory depression. Both LD and HD dogs acquired and maintained eye position scores suitable for intraocular surgery between 0 to 60 minutes. A “low dose” of pancuronium bromide, which would provide adequate extraocular muscle relaxation while minimizing ventilatory depression, was not identified.Clinical Relevance—All patients receiving any dose of neuromuscular blocking agents should be closely monitored and receive ventilatory assistance as needed.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Lee, DD and Meyer, RE and Sullivan, TC and Davidson, MG and Swanson, CR and Hellyer, PW}, year={1998}, pages={473–479} }