@article{stoskopf_nutter_2004, title={Analyzing approaches to feral cat management - one size does not fit all}, volume={225}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1361}, abstractNote={ow to best solve the diverse issues related to feral cats is a complex question with many facets. Each facet reflects large gaps in our knowledge and understanding. Felid biology; global, regional, and local ecology; human psychology; sociology; economics; and theology are all examples of branches of learning that can contribute knowledge toward finding acceptable solutions to feral cat problems. Unfortunately, our understanding of any one of these disciplines is incomplete, particularly with regard to specific knowledge relevant to feral cats. Making informed decisions is therefore difficult at best. Discussions about feral cats often become emotionally charged, even when the discussion is among individuals with similar backgrounds. Perceptions based on personal experiences rapidly substitute for missing objective data, and interpretations of options become increasingly monochromatic. Over the years, I have been expounding to students a general rule based on my observations of scientific debate. The “Rule of Inverse Vehemence” states that the vehemence with which proponents of opposing views argue their points is inversely proportional to the quality of data available to support their positions. In other words, highly charged polemic disagreements are often fueled by}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Nutter, FB}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1361–1364} }
 @article{sherwood_whittier_nutter_al?_2004, title={Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.20048}, abstractNote={AbstractThis report presents data regarding the brain structure of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in comparison with other great apes. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of three mountain gorilla brains were obtained with a 3T scanner, and the volume of major neuroanatomical structures (neocortical gray matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum) was measured. These data were included with our existing database that includes 23 chimpanzees, three western lowland gorillas, and six orang‐utans. We defined a multidimensional space by calculating the principal components (PCs) from the correlation matrix of brain structure fractions in the well‐represented sample of chimpanzees. We then plotted data from all of the taxa in this space to examine phyletic variation in neural organization. Most of the variance in mountain gorillas, as well as other great apes, was contained within the chimpanzee range along the first two PCs, which accounted for 61.73% of the total variance. Thus, the majority of interspecific variation in brain structure observed among these ape taxa was no greater than the within‐species variation seen in chimpanzees. The loadings on PCs indicated that the brain structure of great apes differs among taxa mostly in the relative sizes of the striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These findings suggest possible functional differences among taxa in terms of neural adaptations for ecological and locomotor capacities. Importantly, these results fill a critical gap in current knowledge regarding great ape neuroanatomical diversity. Am. J. Primatol. 63:149–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Primatology}, author={Sherwood, C. C. and Whittier, C. A. and Nutter, F. B. and al?}, year={2004}, pages={149–164} }
 @article{nutter_levine_stoskopf_2004, title={Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine reproductive capacity of naturally breeding free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate.Design—Prospective cohort and retrospective crosssectional study.Animals—2,332 female cats brought to a trap-neuterreturn clinic for neutering and 71 female cats and 171 kittens comprising 50 litters from a cohort study of feral cats in managed colonies.Procedure—Data collected for all cats included pregnancy, lactation, and estrus status and number of fetuses for pregnant cats. Additional data collected for feral cats in managed colonies included numbers of litters per year and kittens per litter, date of birth, kitten survival rate, and causes of death.Results—Pregnant cats were observed in all months of the year, but the percentage of cats found to be pregnant was highest in March, April, and May. Cats produced a mean of 1.4 litters/y, with a median of 3 kittens/litter (range, 1 to 6). Overall, 127 of 169 (75%) kittens died or disappeared before 6 months of age. Trauma was the most common cause of death.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results illustrate the high reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats. Realistic estimates of the reproductive capacity of female cats may be useful in assessing the effectiveness of population control strategies. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1399–1402)}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Levine, Jay F. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1399–1402} }
 @article{nutter_dubey_levine_breitschwerdt_ford_stoskopf_2004, title={Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara catiin feral and pet domestic cats}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To compare seroprevalences of antibodies againstBartonella henselaeandToxoplasma gondiiand fecal shedding ofCryptosporidiumspp,Giardiaspp, andToxocara catiin feral and pet domestic cats.Design—Prospective cross-sectional serologic and coprologic survey.Animals—100 feral cats and 76 pet domestic cats from Randolph County, NC.Procedure—Blood and fecal samples were collected and tested.Results—Percentages of feral cats seropositive for antibodies againstB henselaeandT gondii(93% and 63%, respectively) were significantly higher than percentages of pet cats (75% and 34%). Percentages of feral and pet cats withCryptosporidiumspp (7% of feral cats; 6% of pet cats),Giardiaspp (6% of feral cats; 5% of pet cats), andT catiova (21% of feral cats; 18% of pet cats) in their feces were not significantly different between populations. Results of CBCs and serum biochemical analyses were not significantly different between feral and pet cats, except that feral cats had a significantly lower median PCV and significantly higher median neutrophil count.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that feral and pet cats had similar baseline health status, as reflected by results of hematologic and serum biochemical testing and similar prevalences of infection withCryptosporidiumspp,Giardiaspp, andT cati. Feral cats did have higher seroprevalences of antibodies againstB henselaeandT gondiithan did pet cats, but this likely was related to greater exposure to vectors of these organisms. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1394–1398)}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Dubey, J. P. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Ford, Richard B. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1394–1398} }
 @article{nutter_stoskopf_levine_2004, title={Time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine the time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats and determine whether allowing cats to become acclimated to the traps improved trapping effectiveness.Design—Prospective cohort study.Animals—107 feral cats in 9 colonies.Procedure—15 traps were set at each colony for 5 consecutive nights, and 5 traps were then set per night until trapping was complete. In 4 colonies, traps were immediately baited and set; in the remaining 5 colonies, traps were left open and cats were fed in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping. Costs for bait and labor were calculated, and trapping effort and efficiency were assessed.Results—Mean ± SD overall trapping effort (ie, number of trap-nights until at least 90% of the cats in the colony had been captured or until no more than 1 cat remained untrapped) was 8.9 ± 3.9 trap-nights per cat captured. Mean overall trapping efficiency (ie, percentage of cats captured per colony) was 98.0 ± 4.0%. There were no significant differences in trapping effort or efficiency between colonies that were provided an acclimation period and colonies that were not. Overall trapping costs were significantly higher for colonies provided an acclimation period.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that these live-trapping protocols were effective. Feeding cats their regular diets in the traps for 3 days prior to the initiation of trapping did not have a significant effect on trapping effort or efficiency in the present study but was associated with significant increases in trapping costs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1403–1405)}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Levine, Jay F.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1403–1405} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_thomas_stoskopf_2003, title={Failure to transmit avian vacuolar myelinopathy to mallard ducks}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.707}, abstractNote={Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease that has been diagnosed in free-ranging birds in the southeastern United States. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leuocephalus), American coots (Fulica americana), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been affected. Previous investigations have not determined the etiology of this disease. In November and December 2002, we attempted to induce AVM in game-farmed mallards through four, 7-day exposure trials. Mallards were housed in six groups of eight, with two of these groups serving as controls. One group was housed with AVM-affected coots; one group was tube fed daily with water from the lake where affected coots were captured; one group was tube fed daily with aquatic vegetation (Hydrilla verticillata) from the same lake; and another group was tube fed daily with sediment from the lake. No ducks exhibited clinical neurologic abnormalities consistent with AVM and no evidence of AVM was present at histopathologic examination of brain tissue. Although limitations in sample size, quantity of individual doses, frequency of dose administration, duration of exposure, and timing of these trials restrict the interpretation of the findings, AVM was not readily transmitted by direct contact, water, hydrilla, or sediment in this investigation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={707–711} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_tomlinson_thomas_stoskopf_2002, title={Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in American coots}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.80}, abstractNote={Abstract
				
					Objective—To characterize clinical features of avian
vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) in American coots.
				
					Design—Case-control study.
				
					Animals—26 AVM-affected American coots and 12
unaffected coots.
				
					Procedures—Complete physical, neurologic, hematologic,
and plasma biochemical evaluations were
performed. Affected coots received supportive care.
All coots died or were euthanatized, and AVM status
was confirmed via histopathologic findings.
				
					Results—3 severely affected coots were euthanatized
immediately after examination. Seventeen
affected coots were found dead within 7 days of
admission, but 5 affected coots survived > 21 days
and had signs of clinical recovery. Abnormal physical
examination findings appeared to be related to general
debilitation. Ataxia (88%), decreased withdrawal
reflexes (88%), proprioceptive deficits (81%),
decreased vent responses (69%), beak or tongue
weakness (42%), and head tremors (31%), as well as
absent pupillary light responses (46%), anisocoria
(15%), apparent blindness (4%), nystagmus (4%),
and strabismus (4%) were detected. Few gross
abnormalities were detected at necropsy, but histologically,
all AVM-affected coots had severe vacuolation
of white matter of the brain. None of the control
coots had vacuolation.
				
					Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although
there was considerable variability in form and severity
of clinical neurologic abnormalities, clinical signs
common in AVM-affected birds were identified.
Clinical recovery of some AVM-affected coots can
occur when supportive care is administered. Until the
etiology is identified, caution should be exercised
when rehabilitating and releasing coots thought to be
affected by AVM. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:
80–85)}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Tomlinson, L and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={80–85} }
 @article{berry_degrado_nutter_garg_breitschwerdt_spaulding_concannon_zalutsky_edward coleman_2002, title={Imaging of Pheochromocytoma in 2 dogs using p-[18F] Fluorobenzylguanidine}, volume={43}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01667.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01667.x}, abstractNote={ p‐[18F]Fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]PFBG) is a norepinephrine analog that has been developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiopharmaceutical. Myocardial sympathetic innervation, neuroendocrine structures, and tumors can be noninvasively imaged with [18F]PFBG. In this study, the uptake characteristics of [18F]PFBG were investigated in 2 dogs with a spontaneous pheochromocytoma. The extent of the pheochromocytoma was well documented in both dogs on the PET study. The standardized uptake values within the pheochromocytomas were greater than 25 by 10 min, and were 37 and 50 by 45 min in each dog. A third dog that was suspected to have an adrenal mass was also studied. In this dog, the [18F]PFBG study was normal. Surgical exploration and adrenal biopsy confirmed the [18F]PFBG imaging findings in both dogs. In each dog, there was rapid blood‐pool clearance (within 10 min after intravenous administration of the [18F]PFBG), with high uptake specific within the myocardium and adrenal medulla. The results indicate that [18F]PFBG may be useful for imaging canine pheochromocytomas and aid in differentiating adrenal masses.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Berry, Clifford R. and Degrado, Timothy R. and Nutter, Felicia and Garg, Pradeep K. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Spaulding, Kathy and Concannon, Kevin D. and Zalutsky, Michael R. and Edward Coleman, R.}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={183–186} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={24, 136-138 HERIKSTAD, H., HAYES, P., MOKHTAR, M., FRACARO, M. L., THRELFALL, E. J. &ANGULO, F. J. (I1997) Emerging quinolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 371-372 HEURTIN-LE CORRE, C., DONNIO, P. Y., PERRIN, M., TRAVERT, M. F. & AVRIL, J. L. (1999) Increasing incidence and comparison of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from humans and animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 266-269 HOWARD, A. J., JOSEPH, T. D., BLOODWORTH, L. L., FROST, J. A., CHART, H. &ROWE, B. (1990) The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy 26,296-298 McCARRON, B. & LOVE, W. C. (I1997) Acalculous non-typhoidal salmonella cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clinical Infectious Disease 24, 707-709 SANCHEZ, R., FERNANDEZ-BACA, V., DIAZ, M. D., MUNOZ, P., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1994) Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter species to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1879-1882 THRELFALL, E. J., WARD, L. R., SKINNER, J. A. & ROWE, B. (1997) Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microbial Drug Resistance 3, 263-266 VASALLO, F. J., MARTIN-RABADAN, P., ALCALA, L., GARCIA-LECHUZ, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1998) Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease 26, 535-536 WAIN, J., HOA, N. T., CHINH, N. T., VINH, H., EVERETT, M. J., DIEP, T. S., DAY, N. P., SOLOMON, T., WHITE, N. J., PIDDOCK, L. J. & PARRY, C. M. (1997) Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Vietnam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clinical Infectious Disease 25, 1404-1410}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{ramirez_dodge_page_price_hauck_ladue_nutter_thrall_1999, title={Palliative radiotherapy of appendicular osteosarcoma in 95 dogs}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00385.x}, abstractNote={Ninety‐five dogs with either a presumptive (n= 24) or biopsy confirmed diagnosis (n= 71) of soteosarcoma received palliative radiotherapy using60Co photons. Parallel opposed beams were used with each dog receivign either 10 Gy on days 0,7 and 21 (n= 58) or 8 Gy on days 0 and 7 (n= 37). The 8 Gy fractionation scheme was given with the intent of retreating upon relapse from pain relief. Only 9 of 37 (24%) dogs in the 8 Gy group returned for retreatment, Forty‐seven of the 95 dogs (49%) received concurrent or sequention chemotherapy. Seventy of the 95 dogs (74%) experienced pain relief following treatment. In dogs experiencing pain relief the median duration of response was 73 days. Numerous clinical variables were evaluated as predictors of response. The only variable significantly related to achieving a response was the use of chemotheraphy. The following variables were significanly related to the duration of response: extent of bone lysis, chemotherapy use, length of bone involved and tumor site (humerus). In a multivariate analysis (n= 73 dogs), after adjusting for chemotherapy use, extent of bone involvement (p= 0.01) and tumor site (p= 0.02) retained statistical significance, while degree of bone lysis did not (p= 0.11). No difference in response incidence or duration was found between 3 fractions of 10 Gy vs. 2 fractions of 8 Gy. Administration of a low initial dose with the intent of retreatment was not a successful strategy.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Ramirez, O and Dodge, RK and Page, RL and Price, GS and Hauck, ML and LaDue, TA and Nutter, F and Thrall, DE}, year={1999}, pages={517–522} }
 @article{dubey_topper_nutter_1998, title={Muscular Sarcocystis infection in a bear (Ursus americanus)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.2307/3284512}, abstractNote={Sarcocysts of an unidentified Sarcocystis species were found in sections of skeletal muscles of a black bear (Ursus americanus) from North Carolina. Two sarcocysts in a section measured 45 x 37.5 microm and 67.5 x 50 microm and had a thin (<2 microm) sarcocyst wall. The villar protrusions on the cyst wall were up to 2 microm long and up to 0.7 microm wide. The bradyzoites were approximately 6 X 2.5 microm in size. This is the first report of muscular Sarcocystis in a bear.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Dubey, JP and Topper, MJ and Nutter, FB}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={452–454} }
 @article{nutter_levine_stoskopf_gamble_dubey_1998, title={Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spiralis in North Carolina black bears (Ursus americanus)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.2307/3284644}, abstractNote={Serum samples from 143 hunter-killed black bears were collected during the 1996 and 1997 black bear hunting seasons in eastern North Carolina. All samples were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were present in 120 of 143 (84%) bears. Females had significantly higher titers than males (Wilcoxon rank sums test, P = 0.045), and titers increased with age (Jonckheere test, P = 0.01). Samples collected during 1996 (n = 79) were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No samples were positive for antibodies to T. spiralis.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Nutter, FB and Levine, JF and Stoskopf, MK and Gamble, HR and Dubey, JP}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1048–1050} }