@article{zhang_kaber_rogers_liang_gangakhedkar_2014, title={The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distractions on Operational and Tactical Driving Behaviors}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720813495279}, abstractNote={Objective: This study tested the effects of two fundamental forms of distraction, including visual-manual and cognitive-audio distraction, with comparison under both operational and tactical driving. Strategic control remains for future study. Background: Driving is a complex control task involving operational, tactical, and strategic control. Although operational control, such as lead-car following, has been studied, the influence of in-vehicle distractions on higher levels of control, including tactical and strategic, remains unclear. Method: Two secondary tasks were designed to independently represent visual-manual and cognitive-audio distractions, based on multiple resource theory. Drivers performed operational vehicle control maneuvers (lead-car following) or tactical control maneuvers (passing) along with the distraction tasks in a driving simulator. Response measures included driving performance and visual behavior. Results: Results revealed drivers’ ability to accommodate either visual or cognitive distractions in following tasks but not in passing. The simultaneous distraction condition led to the greatest decrement in performance. Conclusion: Findings support the need to assess the impacts of in-vehicle distraction on different levels of driving control. Future study should investigate driver distraction under strategic control.}, number={3}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David B. and Rogers, Meghan and Liang, Yulan and Gangakhedkar, Shruti}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={592–604} }
 @article{zhang_harris_rogers_kaber_hummer_rasdorf_hu_2013, title={Driver distraction and performance effects of highway logo sign design}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.009}, abstractNote={Driver distraction and safety concerns have been identified for new highway logo sign configurations. This study assessed driver perception of logo signs and distraction under nine-panel, overflow-combination, or standard six-panel formats. A nine-panel sign has nine business panels within a single sign; a six-panel sign has six panels within a sign; an overflow-combination consists of a standard six-panel sign and a six-panel sign displaying two different services (e.g., food and gas). In this study, twenty-four participants searched for target food business logos while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulation under each signage condition. Gas and lodging signs were also displayed along the road in conventional six-panel formats. Dependent variables included signal detection, visual attention allocation, and vehicle control measures. Experiment results showed nine-panel signs drew greater visual attention and produced lower average speed than overflow-combination signs, and produced a lower speeding percentage compared to six-panel signs. However, there was no evidence the new configurations (nine-panel and overflow) caused substantive performance changes with safety implications. This study suggested the use of nine-panel and overflow-combination logo signs may be suitable for interchanges where there are more than six qualifying businesses in a category in terms of driver performance and safety.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Harris, Elizabeth and Rogers, Meghan and Kaber, David and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Hu, Jia}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={472–479} }
 @article{kaber_liang_zhang_rogers_gangakhedkar_2012, title={Driver performance effects of simultaneous visual and cognitive distraction and adaptation behavior}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1369-8478"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2012.05.004}, abstractNote={Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due to increasing use of infotainment systems in vehicles. To reduce safety risks, it is crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect driver behavior at different levels of vehicle control. This study used a simulator-based experiment to assess the effects of visual, cognitive and simultaneous distraction on operational (braking, accelerating) and tactical (maneuvering) control of vehicles. Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in lead-car following or passing scenarios under four distraction conditions: without distraction, with visual distraction, with cognitive distraction, and with simultaneous distraction. Results revealed higher perceived workload for passing than following. Simultaneous distraction was most demanding and also resulted in the greatest steering errors among distraction conditions during both driving tasks. During passing, drivers also appeared to slow down their responses to secondary distraction tasks as workload increased. Visual distraction was associated with more off-road glances (to an in-vehicle device) and resulted in high workload. Longer headway times were also observed under visual distraction, suggesting driver adaptation to the workload. Similarly, cognitive distraction also increased driver workload but this demand did not translate into steering errors as high as for visual distraction. In general, findings indicate that tactical control of a vehicle demands more workload than operational control. Visual and cognitive distractions both increase driver workload, but they influence vehicle control and gaze behavior in different ways.}, number={5}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR}, author={Kaber, David B. and Liang, Yulan and Zhang, Yu and Rogers, Meghan L. and Gangakhedkar, Shruti}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={491–501} }
 @article{rogers_heath_uy_suresh_kaber_2012, title={Effect of visual displays and locations on laparoscopic surgical training task}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0003-6870"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.010}, abstractNote={The number of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures has substantially increased since its introduction due to health and recovery benefits for patients. However, there are potential performance issues in MIS for surgeons due to perceptual processing demands associated with supporting technologies. Monitor location has been identified as a major factor influencing performance in these types of procedures. This study examined the effect of multiple monitors on performance during a laparoscopic surgical training task (peg transfer among instruments). Twenty-four novice subjects were exposed to different monitor conditions including a default position, a biomechanically compatible position, and a position collocated with the operating surface as well as the combination of the latter two. Subjective rankings and cognitive workload were also assessed. Results revealed a significant effect of monitor position on task time when compared to subjects' baseline training task time using the default monitor setup. Collocating the monitor with the operating surface was shown to be superior in terms of task time. There were no significant differences among monitor positions in terms of perceived workload. The results of this study provide an applicable guide for the design of MIS setups in the operating room to promote surgeon performance.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Rogers, Meghan L. and Heath, Will B. and Uy, Chad C. and Suresh, Sameerajan and Kaber, David B.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={762–767} }