@article{malow_koch_miraglia_murty_1998, title={Compressive mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline Fe investigated with an automated ball indentation technique}, volume={252}, ISSN={["0921-5093"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00661-3}, abstractNote={Nanocrystalline (nc) iron was produced by mechanical attrition and compacted into near fully dense samples. Isothermal annealing at 800 K resulted in grain sizes between 15 and 24 nm. A newly available Automated Ball Indentation system was used to study the compressive mechanical properties of the samples. The ABI method proved useful in examining the mechanical properties of nc iron on a more quantitative level than previously possible by conventional hardness testing methods. Stress–strain curves were obtained which indicated a compressive behavior similar to that of perfectly plastic materials: low strain hardening at high flow stresses around 3 GPa and a low room-temperature strain-rate sensitivity. The flow stresses were independent of the grain size in the range of the present study. The deformation pile-up around the indentations seems to have formed inhomogeneously, exhibiting intense plastic deformation in localized shear bands.}, number={1}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING}, author={Malow, TR and Koch, CC and Miraglia, PQ and Murty, KL}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={36–43} }
 @article{malow_koch_1998, title={Mechanical properties in tension of mechanically attrited nanocrystalline iron by the use of the miniaturized disk bend test}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1359-6454"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00294-8}, abstractNote={The mechanical properties of warm compacted nanocrystalline (nc) iron powder compacts of near theoretical density in the grain size range between 8 and 33 nm were investigated. The elastic and plastic behavior were characterized by miniaturized disk bend tests and hardness measurements. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to document the deformation and fracture morphologies. The Young's modulus of the nc Fe was essentially the same as that of coarse grained Fe. All samples failed in a macroscopically brittle manner. Local plasticity in shear bands was observed in the samples with the larger grain sizes (>20 nm). An increasing failure stress with increasing grain size is probably due to a processing effect on the flaw controlled failure of the samples. The results are discussed in the context of the deformation and fracture behavior of micrometer grain size metals and alloys.}, number={18}, journal={ACTA MATERIALIA}, author={Malow, TR and Koch, CC}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={6459–6473} }
 @article{malow_koch_1998, title={Mechanical properties, ductility, and grain size of nanocrystalline iron produced by mechanical attrition}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1073-5623"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11661-998-0106-1}, number={9}, journal={METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Malow, TR and Koch, CC}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={2285–2295} }
 @article{malow_koch_1997, title={Grain growth in nanocrystalline iron prepared by mechanical attrition}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1359-6454"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00300-X}, abstractNote={The grain growth in nanocrystalline Fe produced by high energy ball milling is investigated. Grain growth data are analysed using two different models of grain growth, one of which takes pinning forces on the grain boundaries into account. The grain growth exponents nD1n − D1no = kt for nanocrystalline and conventional polycrystalline Fe are compared. The use of the above mentioned equation yields an activation energy of 125 kJ/mol, while the second model gives 248 kJ/mol. These values are compared to those for grain boundary and lattice diffusion in Fe. Some evidence for two different sets of mechanisms governing the grain growth in nanocrystalline Fe are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={ACTA MATERIALIA}, author={Malow, TR and Koch, CC}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={2177–2186} }