@article{rinne_hren_fedkiw_2002, title={Electrodeposition of tin needle-like structures}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0013-4651"]}, DOI={10.1149/1.1445172}, abstractNote={Electrodeposition is reported of arrays of needle-like Sn structures with tip radii ∼7 nm that can be used as electron emitters for field electron emission applications. It is well documented in the literature that in the absence of additive agents, a variety of morphological structures such as fractal, dendritic, and densely branched deposits may result from electrodeposition. It is also known that in the absence of additives. Sn dendrites can be formed. In the present research, it is shown that by controlling the electrode potential and concentration of two additive agents, a nonionic ethoxylated surfactant (Triton X-100) and a Pb(II) salt, an array of needle-like Sn structures is deposited from a Sn(II) salt in methane sulfonic acid. Although these structures may be used as electron emitters for field emission, the low melting point of Sn precludes its use in practical devices. Nevertheless, the unique preparation method that we describe may be used to investigate electrodeposited field emitter tips from higher melting metals (e.g., Ni, Pd, Ag, Au, and Cu).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Rinne, CL and Hren, JJ and Fedkiw, PS}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={C150–C158} }
 @article{zhirnov_lizzul-rinne_wojak_sanwald_hren_2001, title={"Standardization" of field emission measurements}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.1342006}, abstractNote={Interest in field emission and field emission devices has been renewed in the last 5 yr. This increase has been due to work on several new materials systems, which have shown promising field emission (FE) behavior. In turn, this interest gives impetus to the search for new FE sources. In order to move the technology ahead at a faster pace, there is a need for common ground rules and a “standardization” of the data reported so that it can be compared directly in a meaningful way and thereby accelerate the development process. In this article key factors affecting the FE data will be discussed and several parameters are suggested to initiate the process of developing a set of “standardized” FE parameters. A correct, or at least consistent, determination of characteristics such as work function, emission area, and field enhancement form the basis for developing a framework to make meaningful comparisons between different sets of data.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Zhirnov, VV and Lizzul-Rinne, C and Wojak, GJ and Sanwald, RC and Hren, JJ}, year={2001}, pages={87–93} }
 @article{zhirnov_lizzul-rinne_wojak_sanwald_cuomo_hren_2001, title={Optimizing high-current yields from diamond coated field emitters}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1071-1023"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.1340009}, abstractNote={The data for the maximum emission currents from needle-shaped emitters with differing diamond coatings were empirically analyzed. The coatings studied were chemical vapor deposition diamond, natural diamond, and nanodiamond. Two parameters were chosen to characterize the emissive properties: (1) the dependence of the maximum current (Imax) on the coating thickness (D), i.e., I(D)=ΔImax/ΔD, and (2) the dependence of the threshold voltage Vth on [(D);ΔVth/ΔD]. The dependence of Imax(D) and Imax/Vmax(D) were determined from the experimental data for the three different diamond coatings. The maximum current Imax is very different for these three different coatings and is also a function of the coating thickness, D. Both the maximum current and the transconductance of field emission tips can be increased significantly by diamond coatings. A strong, nearly linear, dependence of Imax on diamond thickness was found. An empirical estimate of the thermal conductivity of nanodiamond, based on the field emission data, gave 2.71 W/cm K. The maximum current output from multitip arrays was also analyzed and an optimization procedure was devised that suggested a route to “engineered coatings.”}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Zhirnov, VV and Lizzul-Rinne, C and Wojak, GJ and Sanwald, RC and Cuomo, JJ and Hren, JJ}, year={2001}, pages={17–22} }
 @article{park_sowers_rinne_schlesser_bergman_nemanich_sitar_hren_cuomo_zhirnov_et al._1999, title={Effect of nitrogen incorporation on electron emission from chemical vapor deposited diamond}, volume={17}, ISSN={["2166-2746"]}, DOI={10.1116/1.590630}, abstractNote={Two different types of the nitrogen-doped chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films were synthesized with N2 (nitrogen) and C3H6N6 (melamine) as doping sources. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and field-emission measurements. More effective substitutional nitrogen doping was achieved with C3H6N6 than with N2. The diamond film doped with N2 contained a significant amount of nondiamond carbon phases. The sample produced with N2 exhibited a lower field emission turn-on field than the sample produced with C3H6N6. It is believed that the presence of the graphitic phases (or amorphous sp2 carbon) at the grain boundaries of the diamond and/or the nanocrystallinity (or microcrystallinity) of the diamond play a significant role in lowering the turn-on field of the film produced using N2. It is speculated that substitutional nitrogen doping plays only a minor role in changing the field emission characteristics of CVD diamond films.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B}, author={Park, M and Sowers, AT and Rinne, CL and Schlesser, R and Bergman, L and Nemanich, RJ and Sitar, Z and Hren, JJ and Cuomo, JJ and Zhirnov, VV and et al.}, year={1999}, pages={734–739} }