@article{whitehead_hoppes_musser_perkins_lepiz_2019, title={The Use of Alfaxalone in Quaker Parrots (Myiopsitta monachus)}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2018-393}, abstractNote={Abstract: Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid anesthetic that acts on gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha-receptors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of alfaxalone (Alfaxan CD). Due to observed hyperexcitability in the subject animals when alfaxalone was the only drug used during the initial trials, premedication with midazolam was also evaluated during the final study. Ten adult Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) were assigned to 3 groups: 1) low-dose alfaxalone 10 mg/kg (LD), 2) high-dose alfaxalone 25 mg/kg (HD), and 3) alfaxalone 10 mg/ kg with midazolam 1 mg/kg premedication (AM), administered intramuscularly. Induction time, sedation quality, duration of action, and vital parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, were recorded. All protocols achieved adequate sedation; however, muscle tremors and hyperexcitation were variable. The LD group had a significantly longer mean ± SD induction time (13.5 ± 4.5 minutes) as compared to the HD (6.0 ± 1.3 minutes, P = .002) and AM (6.5 ± 2.9 minutes, P = .006) groups, while recovery time was significantly longer in the HD group (86.2 ± 13.4 minutes) than the LD group (44.4 ± 10.8 minutes, P < .001). Midazolam premedication resulted in reduction of both muscle tremors and hyperexcitation associated with alfaxalone administration, but the recovery time was significantly longer (103.5 ± 15.1 minutes, P < .001) than for the LD group. Alfaxalone as a sole agent resulted in muscle tremors and hyperexcitation during induction, which was attenuated by premedication with midazolam. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the effects of alfaxalone and drugs used to premedicate Quaker parrots.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Hoppes, Sharman M. and Musser, Jeffrey M. B. and Perkins, Jennifer L. and Lepiz, Mauricio L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={340–348} }
 @article{musser_anderson_2001, title={Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.2001.00325.x}, abstractNote={Eighteen 1‐week‐old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) sodium penicillin G administered intravenously, (b) sodium penicillin G administered orally, or (c) procaine penicillin G administered orally. All calves were dosed with penicillin G at 4.0 mg/kg BW. At 5 weeks of age, the calves were dosed again. Blood samples were taken serially for 24 h after both dosings. Plasma was assayed for penicillin G by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For i.v. administration, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), 7456 and 5508 ng/mL h, and systemic clearance, 0.54 and 0.73 L/kg h, were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 1 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. There were no significant differences between orally administered sodium and procaine penicillin G within the same age groups. Following oral (p.o.) administration, there were significant differences (P < 0.01) at 1 and 5 weeks of age in the AUC, 760 and 409 ng/mL h, terminal half‐life, 2.1 and 1.6 h, time of maximum concentration (TMAX), 3.0 and 2.3 h, and maximum plasma concentration (CMAX), 85 and 58 ng/mL, respectively. Bioavailability was 10.2 and 7.4% at 1 and 5 weeks, respectively.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{musser_anderson_rushing_moats_2001, title={Potential for milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin to cause residues in calves}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74460-8}, abstractNote={The potential for antibiotic residues in calves from consuming milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin was investigated. Six calves were fed milk replacer, 6% body weight twice daily, containing 0.293, 2.92, or 5.85 microg of penicillin/ml (ppm) G or 0.25, 1.0, or 2.0 microg of amoxicillin/ml for three consecutive feedings. Urine and blood samples were collected after each feeding. Serum and urine samples were tested with a microbial receptor assay and a microbial growth inhibition assay to indicate potential drug residues. Penicillin G and amoxicillin were detected in the serum and urine of several calves 3 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Possible violative drug residues in the calves were detected by the microbial growth inhibition assay up to 15 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Penicillin G, but not amoxicillin, could be detected in urine 24 h after the final feeding of spiked milk replacer. Subsequently, six calves were fed milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm) twice daily, 6% body weight per feeding. Calves were slaughtered 3 h after the final feeding. Mean (+/-SD) concentrations of penicillin G measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in liver, kidney, muscle, and serum were 0.409 (+/-0.167) microg/g, 0.031 (+/-0.012) microg/g 0.008 (+/-0.002) microg/g, and 0.013 (+/-0.006) mg/ml, respectively. This study indicates that calves fed milk with amoxicillin or penicillin G could possibly have violative residues if slaughtered within 24 h after feeding. Violative drug residues in liver tissue were found in calves slaughtered 3 h after consuming milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Rushing, JE and Moats, WA}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={126–133} }
 @article{musser_anderson_moats_2001, title={Screening method for identification of beta-lactams in bovine urine by use of liquid chromatography and a microbial inhibition test}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.326}, abstractNote={Abstract
				
					Objective—To develop a multiple-residue screening
method for the detection of β-lactams in bovine urine.
				
					Animals—6 clinically normal Holstein cows and 6
calves.
				
					Procedure—Pooled urine obtained from cows was
used as a negative-control sample or spiked with
varying concentrations of 6 β-lactam antibiotics. Urine
samples were prepared for liquid chromatography by
diluting 1 ml of urine with 9 ml of 0.01M KH2PO4,
0.01M Na2PO4, and filtering. Filtrate (2,000 ml) was
eluted with a mobile phase in a gradient program. A
fraction corresponding to each β-lactam of interest
was collected and evaporated to < 1 ml, and water
then was added to achieve a 1ml volume. The collected
fraction was tested, using a microbial inhibition
test. Then, calves were fed milk spiked with a mixture
of 5 β-lactam antibiotics at a concentration 40X
the FDA tolerance in milk. Three hours following the
feeding, urine samples were obtained from the calves
and tested, as described for the urine samples for the
cows.
				
					Results—The lowest concentrations of amoxicillin,
ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, desfuroylceftiofurcysteine,
and penicillin G that were consistently
detected in urine were 100, 10, 100, 250, 1,000, and
10 ng/ml, respectively. Amoxicillin, ampicillin,
cephapirin, cloxacillin, desacetylcephapirin, and penicillin
G were detected in urine samples of 6/6, 5/6,
0/6, 6/6, 2/6, and 3/6 calves respectively, fed antibiotic-
spiked milk.
				
					Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The integrated
method described can be used to detect or identify
β-lactam antibiotics in bovine urine. This method
can be used to test cattle for β-lactam residues. (Am
J Vet Res 2001;62:326–330)}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Moats, WA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={326–330} }
 @article{musser_anderson_boison_2001, title={Tissue disposition and depletion of penicillin G after oral administration with milk in unweaned dairy calves}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.346}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective—To determine tissue depletion of penicillin G in calves after oral ingestion with milk replacer and estimate a withdrawal period.Design—Longitudinal controlled trial.Animals—26 Holstein calves.Procedure—Once daily, 24 calves were fed milk replacer containing procaine penicillin G (0.68 mg/kg [0.31 mg/lb] of body weight); 2 calves served as controls. After 1 feeding, 12 calves were euthanatized in groups of 3 each 4, 6.5, 9.5, and 13 hours after feeding. After 14 days, 12 calves were euthanatized in groups of 3 each 4, 6.5, 9.5, and 13 hours after the final feeding. Concentrations of penicillin G were determined in tissues, blood, and urine by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.Results—Penicillin G was not detected in muscle samples of treated calves. The highest concentrations of penicillin G in plasma, kidney, and liver were 13 ng/ml, 92 ng/g, and 142 ng/g, respectively. Thirteen carcasses had violative drug residues; 12 had violative residues in the liver only, and 1 had violative residues in the liver and kidney. A 21-hour withdrawal period was estimated.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Liver had the highest concentration of penicillin G and was most likely to have violative residues. Feeding calves milk containing penicillin G has the potential to cause violative drug residues in tissues. It is recommended to observe an appropriate withdrawal time prior to slaughter if calves are fed milk from cows treated with penicillin G. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219: 346–350)}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Boison, JO}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={346–350} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1999, title={Using drug residue screening tests to investigate antibiotic contamination of milk}, volume={94}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={1999}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1998, title={Potential for residues in calves fed milk replacer spiked with penicillin G or amoxicillin}, volume={37}, number={1998}, journal={Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={1998}, pages={284–285} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1996, title={Effect of vaccination with an Escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid on milk production in dairy cattle}, volume={209}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={1996}, pages={1291} }