@misc{selingfreund_gerger_vig_li_2008, title={Transient optical state change materials useful in copy-protected compact discs}, volume={7,344,823}, number={2008 Mar. 18}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Selingfreund, R. H. and Gerger, S. and Vig, R. and Li, J.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{selinfreund_miller_vig_li_2006, title={Optical disk copy-protection using an optically changeable security material}, volume={7,035,200}, number={2006 Apr. 25}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Selinfreund, R. H. and Miller, P. and Vig, R. and Li, J.}, year={2006} }
 @misc{li_gryko_lindsey_2004, title={Substrates carrying polymers of linked sandwich coordination compounds and methods of use thereof}, volume={6,777,516}, number={2004 Aug. 17}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Li, J.-Z and Gryko, D. and Lindsey, J. S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{schweikart_malinovskii_yasseri_li_lysenko_bocian_lindsey_2003, title={Synthesis and characterization of bis(S-acetylthio)-derivatized europium triple-decker monomers and oligomers}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0020-1669"]}, DOI={10.1021/ic034730u}, abstractNote={We report the synthesis of monomers, dimers, trimers, and oligomers of triple-decker (TD) complexes bearing S-acetylthio groups at the termini: AcS-(TD)(n)()-SAc. Each TD was of type (Pc)Eu(Pc)Eu(Por), where H(2)Pc = tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine and H(2)Por is a meso-tetraarylporphyrin bearing functional groups at the 4-aryl position such as ethynyl, TMS-ethynyl, TIPS-ethynyl, or iodo. The TD arrays were prepared by Sonogashira- and Glaser-type coupling reactions, affording 1,4-diphenylethyne or 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne linkers joining the TDs. Each TD array exhibited high solubility in organic solvents such as CHCl(3) or CH(2)Cl(2). Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of all the TDs were prepared on Au substrates and investigated via a variety of electrochemical techniques aimed at determining redox potentials, rates of electron transfer under applied potential, and rates of charge retention in the absence of applied potential. The electrochemical measurements were accompanied by ellipsometric studies aimed at determining SAM thickness and, hence, the orientation of the complexes with respect to the surface plane. All of the TD SAMs exhibit robust, reversible voltammetry yielding four well-resolved waves in the potential range of 0 to +1.6 V (corresponding to the mono-, di-, tri-, and tetracations). The electron-transfer rates for the various oxidation states of all of the TD SAMS are similar and in the 10(4)-10(5) s(-)(1) range. The charge-dissipation rates (measured in terms of a charge-retention half-life) are also similar and are in the 10-60 s range. These rates are influenced by both the packing density of the molecules and the orientation of the molecules on the surface. The full body of data supports the view that all of the dithio-derivatized TD complexes assume a similar geometry on the surface. In particular, the complexes are oriented with their linkers/macrocycle planes generally parallel with the surface, unlike monothio-derivatized analogues, which are in a more perpendicular geometry. The parallel geometry of the dithio-derivatized TDs is qualitatively consistent with covalent attachment to Au via both thiols.}, number={23}, journal={INORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Schweikart, KH and Malinovskii, VL and Yasseri, AA and Li, JZ and Lysenko, AB and Bocian, DF and Lindsey, JS}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={7431–7446} }
 @article{roth_gryko_clausen_li_lindsey_kuhr_bocian_2002, title={Comparison of electron-transfer and charge-retention characteristics of porphyrin-containing self-assembled monolayers designed for molecular information storage}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp025850a}, abstractNote={The redox kinetics for a variety of porphyrin-containing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au are reported. The measurements probe both the rate of electron-transfer (k0) for oxidation (in the presence of applied potential) and the rate of charge dissipation after the applied potential is disconnected (characterized by a charge-retention half-life (t1/2)). The porphyrins include (1) monomeric Zn complexes that contain phenylmethylene linkers wherein the number of methylene spacers varies from 0 to 3, (2) monomeric Zn complexes that contain different ethynylphenyl-derived linkers, and (3) a triple-decker lanthanide sandwich complex with a phenylethynylphenyl linker. The k0 values for all the porphyrin SAMs are in the range of 104−105 s-1. The k0 values for the monomeric ethynylphenyl-linked porphyrin SAMs are generally faster than those for the monomeric phenylmethylene-linked SAMs. The rates for the latter SAMs decrease as the number of methylene spacers increases. The rates for the triple-decker SAM ar...}, number={34}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Roth, KM and Gryko, DT and Clausen, C and Li, JZ and Lindsey, JS and Kuhr, WG and Bocian, DF}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={8639–8648} }
 @misc{li_gryko_lindsey_2002, title={Substrates carrying polymers of linked sandwich coordination compounds and methods of use thereof}, volume={6,451,942}, number={2002 Sep. 17}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Li, J. and Gryko, D. and Lindsey, J. S.}, year={2002} }
 @article{gryko_li_diers_roth_bocian_kuhr_lindsey_2001, title={Studies related to the design and synthesis of a molecular octal counter}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0959-9428"]}, DOI={10.1039/b008224o}, abstractNote={An approach to the storage of multiple bits of information at 
the molecular level employs molecules with a large number of distinct oxidation 
states. Europium triple-decker sandwich molecules composed of porphyrins and 
phthalocyanines afford four cationic states and are very attractive for molecular 
information-storage applications. A larger number of states can be achieved 
by combinations of triple deckers that afford interleaved oxidation potentials. 
In order to identify suitable candidates for effective interleaving of oxidation 
potentials, a library of 19 new triple-decker complexes was prepared. Electron-donating 
groups have been attached to the porphyrin and/or phthalocyanine moieties 
in order to achieve oxidation states in the low potential regime. The triple 
deckers are of three different types: (Pc)Eu(Pc)Eu(Por), (Pc)Eu(Por)Eu(Pc), 
and (Por)Eu(Pc)Eu(Por). The solution electrochemistry 
of each member of the library was examined. These studies revealed suitable 
pairs of triple deckers that provide effective interleaving of oxidation potentials. 
Six triple deckers of type (Pc)Eu(Pc)Eu(Por) 
were derivatized with a thioacetyl or thiocyanate group on the porphyrin unit 
for attachment to an electroactive surface. Each of the S-(acetylthio)-derivatized 
triple deckers forms a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au viain 
situ cleavage of the thiol protecting group. The SAM of each triple decker 
is electrochemically robust and exhibits four, well-resolved reversible oxidation 
waves. Upon disconnection from the source of applied potential, the triple-decker 
SAMs retain charge for tens to hundreds of seconds. The exact value of the 
charge-retention time depends on the specific porphyrin/phthalocyanine 
in the triple decker and the particular oxidation state of the molecules in 
the SAM (e.g., mono- vs. di- vs. tri- vs. 
tetracation). For all of the triple-decker SAMs, the charge-retention 
time monotonically increases as the oxidation state of the molecules in the 
SAM increases. Collectively, the studies suggest that the triple-decker complexes 
are excellent candidates for multibit molecular information storage elements.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY}, author={Gryko, D and Li, JZ and Diers, JR and Roth, KM and Bocian, DF and Kuhr, WG and Lindsey, JS}, year={2001}, pages={1162–1180} }
 @article{ambroise_li_yu_lindsey_2000, title={A self-assembled light-harvesting array of seven porphyrins in a wheel and spoke architecture}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1523-7052"]}, DOI={10.1021/ol006036d}, abstractNote={[reaction: see text]A shape-persistent cyclic array of six zinc porphyrins provides an effective host for a dipyridyl-substituted free base porphyrin, yielding a self-assembled structure for studies of light harvesting. Energy transfer occurs essentially quantitatively from uncoordinated to pyridyl-coordinated zinc porphyrins in the cyclic array. Energy transfer from the coordinated zinc porphyrin to the guest free base porphyrin is less efficient (phitrans approximately 40%) and is attributed to a Förster through-space process.}, number={17}, journal={ORGANIC LETTERS}, author={Ambroise, A and Li, JZ and Yu, LH and Lindsey, JS}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={2563–2566} }
 @article{yang_li_cho_kim_bocian_holten_lindsey_2000, title={Synthesis and excited-state photodynamics of phenylethyne- linked porphyrin-phthalocyanine dyads}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1039/a906273d}, abstractNote={Free base, zinc and magnesium mono-ethynyl phthalocyanines have been prepared as building blocks for constructing phthalocyanine-containing molecular devices. The phthalocyanine building blocks were prepared by the statistical reaction of 4,5-diheptylphthalonitrile and 4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phthalonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation and subsequent deprotection. Seven porphyrin–phthalocyanine dyads in various metalation states have been prepared (M1PM2Pc; M1, M2 = Zn2+, Mg2+, or 2H+). ZnPH2Pc and ZnPZnPc were synthesized by Pd-coupling reactions of an ethynylphthalocyanine and an iodoporphyrin. Five other dyads (H2PH2Pc, MgPH2Pc, MgPMgPc, H2PMgPc, ZnPMgPc) were prepared by selective metalation and demetalation reactions starting from ZnPH2Pc, based on the stability differences of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines. Transient absorption and static emission experiments indicate the following: (1) Excited singlet-state intramolecular energy transfer from the porphyrin to the phthalocyanine moiety is very fast (≤10 ps). (2) The efficiency of the energy-transfer process is very high (typically ≥90%), and is greatest in dyads in which competing charge transfer is inhibited on energetic grounds (e.g. >98% for H2PH2Pc). (3) Charge transfer involving the excited phthalocyanine and the porphyrin occurs to a limited degree (typically <10%) depending on the redox characteristics of the chromophores. (4) The desirable strong emission properties of monomeric phthalocyanines are retained in most of the dyads (Φf = 0.37–0.75). This paper establishes the foundation for utilizing phthalocyanines as strong-red absorbers, energy-transfer acceptors, and bright emitters in conjunction with porphyrin-based molecular photonic devices.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Materials Chemistry}, author={Yang, S. I. and Li, J. Z. and Cho, H. S. and Kim, D. and Bocian, D. F. and Holten, D. and Lindsey, Jonathan}, year={2000}, pages={283–296} }
 @article{li_lindsey_1999, title={Efficient synthesis of light-harvesting arrays composed of eight porphyrins and one phthalocyanine}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1520-6904"]}, DOI={10.1021/jo991102e}, abstractNote={Effective light-harvesting arrays require multiple photoactive energy donors that funnel energy to an energy acceptor. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are attractive components for light-harvesting arrays due to their strong absorption in the blue and red regions, respectively, and because energy transfer can occur from porphyrin to phthalocyanine regardless of their respective metalation states. Star-shaped light-harvesting arrays comprised of eight peripheral porphyrins and one core phthalocyanine have been prepared by a streamlined synthesis involving minimal reliance on protecting groups, a high degree of convergence, and facile chromatographic purification. The synthesis involves three distinct stages of complementary chemistries (porphyrin formation, Pd-mediated porphyrin dimer formation, phthalocyanine formation). Statistical reaction of p-iodobenzaldehyde, a phthalonitrile-linked benzaldehyde, and 5-mesityldipyrromethane afforded the desired trans-iodo/phthalonitrile-substituted porphyrin, which un...}, number={25}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Li, JZ and Lindsey, JS}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={9101–9108} }
 @article{li_diers_seth_yang_bocian_holten_lindsey_1999, title={Synthesis and properties of star-shaped multiporphyrin-phthalocyanine light-harvesting arrays}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0022-3263"]}, DOI={10.1021/jo991001g}, abstractNote={Light-harvesting arrays containing four porphyrins covalently linked to a phthalocyanine in a star-shaped architecture have been synthesized. Cyclotetramerization of an ethyne-linked porphyrin−phthalonitrile in 1-pentanol in the presence of MgCl2 and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) afforded the all-magnesium porphyrin−phthalocyanine pentad in 45% yield. Similar reaction using Zn(OAc)2·2H2O afforded the all-zinc porphyrin−phthalocyanine pentad in 15% yield. Arrays with different metals (free base, Mg, Zn) in the porphyrin and phthalocyanine macrocycles have been prepared by selective demetalation and metalation steps. This approach provides rapid and convergent access to multiporphyrin−phthalocyanine arrays in diverse metalation states. The arrays are reasonably soluble in organic solvents such as toluene, THF, and CH2Cl2. The arrays exhibit strong absorption in the blue and red regions. Time-resolved and static optical measurements indicate that intramolecular singlet-excited-state energy transfe...}, number={25}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY}, author={Li, JZ and Diers, JR and Seth, J and Yang, SI and Bocian, DF and Holten, D and Lindsey, JS}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={9090–9100} }