@inproceedings{bowders_gabr_collazos_quaranta_2005, title={Prefabricated vertical wells for enhanced in situ remediation}, DOI={10.1061/40782(161)34}, abstractNote={Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), also known as wick or strip drains, commonly used to accelerate consolidation of fine-grained soils and sludges, have been successfully demonstrated for enhancing in situ remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater. Over the last decade, the technology basis was developed for using PVDs to accelerate in situ flushing, i.e., removal of contaminants below the groundwater table. During the last five years, the basis for using PVDs to enhance soil vapor extraction systems, i.e., removal of contaminated soil gas in the vadose zone was developed. Both of these geosynthetic applications have been field-demonstrated on a limited basis. The first at an abandoned TCE evaporation pond at a U.S. Department of Energy processing plant and the second at a municipal solid waste landfill experiencing subsurface lateral migration of methane gas. The PVD-enhanced remediation technologies have yet to find wide acceptance and utilization. Perhaps if several remaining issues are resolved and additional, well-instrumented field demonstrations are performed with results implemented in a design manual, consultants, remediation contractors and regulatory agencies will begin to include and utilize these technologies among their remediation options. In this paper we present an overview of the PVD-remediations technologies, a brief description of some past field demonstrations and our thoughts on research/development issues necessary to further the use of this technology.}, booktitle={Geosynthetics Research and Development in Progress (GRI-18) : Geo-Frontiers 2005}, publisher={Reston, Va. : American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Bowders, J. J. and Gabr, M. A. and Collazos, O. M. and Quaranta, J. D.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{kunberger_quaranta_gabr_2003, title={Extraction of JP-4 using well injection depth extraction (WIDE): Field demonstration}, ISBN={9783773959850}, booktitle={Soil and Rock America 2003 :12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering}, publisher={Essen: Verlag Glu?ckauf GMBH}, author={Kunberger, T. and Quaranta, J. D. and Gabr, M. A.}, editor={P. J. Culligan, H. H. Einstein and Whittle, A. J.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{quaranta_gabr_sabodish_gates_2001, title={A well injection depth extraction (WIDE) soil flushing for DNAPL and uranium remediation}, booktitle={Waste Management 2001, Tucson, AZ, April 2001}, author={Quaranta, J. and Gabr, M. A. and Sabodish, M. and Gates, K.}, year={2001} }
 @article{quaranta_gabr_2000, title={Prefabricated Vertical Drains Flow Resistance under Vacuum Conditions}, volume={126}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:1(81)}, abstractNote={The results of experimental research are presented and discussed with focus on the internal well resistance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) under vacuum-induced water flow. Measured results included fluid flow rates for two different cross-sectional hydraulic profiles (Types I and II PVDs). Experimental results indicated linear relationships, independent of the PVD widths, between extracted fluid velocity and the applied hydraulic gradient. Data showed a laminar flow regime to predominate for test velocities corresponding to hydraulic gradients less than 0.5. The larger nominal hydraulic radius of the Type II PVD is credited with providing a flow rate equal to approximately 3.2 times that of the Type I PVD at approximately the same operating total head. No apparent dependency of the transmissivity (theta) was found on the width or lengths (3 m, 4 m, and 5 m) of the PVDs tested. In the case of the 100-mm-wide Type I PVD, theta = 618 sq mm/s was estimated from the measured data versus theta = 1,996 sq mm/s for Type II PVD with the same dimensions.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Quaranta, J. D. and Gabr, M. A.}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={81–84} }
 @inproceedings{quaranta_gabr_sabodish_gates_ganz_1999, title={Well injection depth extraction (WIDE) for subsurface mixed waste flushing}, booktitle={Proceedings of the environmental industry partnerships conferences}, publisher={Morgantown, WV:  National Energy Technology Laboratory}, author={Quaranta, J. and Gabr, M. A. and Sabodish, M. and Gates, K. and Ganz, J.}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{quaranta_gabr_szabo_bowders_1997, title={Characteristics and performance of prefabricated vertical drains for enhanced soil flushing}, volume={1596}, ISBN={0309061733}, DOI={10.3141/1596-14}, abstractNote={ The use of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) under vacuum conditions for soil flushing was investigated with soils consisting of 100 percent sand or a combination of 80 percent sand and 20 percent kaolinite. Tests of the 100 percent sand specimens indicated that the areal extent of the PVD zone of influence remained approximately 16 to 21 times the PVD-equivalent diameter (PVD circumference/π) as the extraction vacuum increased from 2.5 to 20 kPa. Tests of the sand kaolinite specimens (80/20 soil) indicated that the areal extent of the PVD zone of influence remained approximately 5 to 8 times the PVD equivalent diameter as the extraction vacuum increased from 2.5 to 20 kPa. The effective zone of influence in the 80/20 soil did not show a corresponding increase in areal extent as the vacuum pressure was increased beyond the PVD embedment depth. Pilot-scale tracer flushing tests demonstrated the feasibility of using PVDs for flushing 100 percent sand soil. The tracer testing demonstrated that longer flushing times were necessary to achieve 80 percent cleanup levels as the dry unit weights of soil increased from 1.57 to 1.67 g/cm3. The ratio of final to initial concentration reached 0.2 after flushing of the 1.57 g/cm3 soil for approximately 40 minutes. A similar ratio was reached after flushing of the 1.67 g/cm3 soil for 50 minutes. }, number={1}, booktitle={Pavements and structures monitoring, pavement instrumentation, and drainage systems evaluation}, publisher={Washington, DC: National Academy Press}, author={Quaranta, J. and Gabr, M. A. and Szabo, D. and Bowders, J. J.}, year={1997}, pages={93–100} }
 @inproceedings{quaranta_gabr_szabo_hewes_cook_1996, title={Developments in prefabricated vertical drain enhanced soil flushing}, ISBN={9781880653289}, booktitle={The proceedings of the Seventh (1997) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference :presented at the Seventh (1996) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference held in Honolulu, USA, May 25-30, 1997 Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISO)}, publisher={Golden, CO: The Society}, author={Quaranta, J. D. and Gabr, M. A. and Szabo, D. and Hewes, K. and Cook, E. E.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{gabr_quaranta_cook_1996, title={Vertical drains in geotechnical engineering: state of the art review}, ISBN={9781880653289}, booktitle={The proceedings of the Seventh (1997) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference :presented at the Seventh (1996) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference held in Honolulu, USA, May 25-30, 1997 Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISO)}, publisher={Golden, CO: The Society}, author={Gabr, M. A. and Quaranta, J. D. and Cook, E. E.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{gabr_thomas_szabo_quaranta_1995, title={Effect of SDS surfactant on the hydraulic conductivity of sand/kaolinite soils}, booktitle={X Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering : October 29-November 03, 1995}, publisher={Mexico, D.F.: Sociedad Mexicana de Mecanica de Suelos}, author={Gabr, M. A. and Thomas, R. and Szabo, D. and Quaranta, J. D.}, year={1995} }