@article{nietschke_borchert_magarey_ciomperlik_2008, title={Climatological potential for Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) establishment in the United States}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2008)091[0079:CPFSDT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Scirtothrips dorsalis is a serious exotic pest that has recently become established in the continental United States. It is of major concern to regulatory agencies because it has a wide host range and high reproductive potential. A weather-based mapping tool, NAPPFAST, was used to predict potential establishment of S. dorsalis in North America. The analysis was based on a degree-day model and cold temperature survival of S. dorsalis. The results demonstrated that S. dorsalis could potentially produce up to 18 generations and was likely to survive in the southern and western coastal plains of the United States. It is concluded that S. dorsalis is likely to be a serious economic pest in the southern United States. Additional maps and information are available at the web site (http://www.nappfast.org).}, number={1}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Nietschke, Brett S. and Borchert, Daniel M. and Magarey, Roger D. and Ciomperlik, Matthew A.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={79–86} }
 @article{magarey_borchert_schlegel_2008, title={GLOBAL PLANT HARDINESS ZONES FOR PHYTOSANITARY RISK ANALYSIS}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1678-992X"]}, DOI={10.1590/S0103-90162008000700009}, abstractNote={Plant hardiness zones are widely used for selection of perennial plants and for phytosanitary risk analysis. The most widely used definition of plant hardiness zones (United States Department of Agriculture National Arboretum) is based on average annual extreme minimum temperature. There is a need for a global plant hardiness map to standardize the comparison of zones for phytosanitary risk analysis. Two data sets were used to create global hardiness zones: i) Climate Research Unit (CRU) 1973-2002 monthly data set; and ii) the Daily Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). The CRU monthly data set was downscaled to five-minute resolution and a cubic spline was used to convert the monthly values into daily values. The GHCN data were subjected to a number of quality control measures prior to analysis. Least squares regression relationships were developed using GHCN and derived lowest average daily minimum temperature data and average annual extreme minimum temperatures. Error estimate statistics were calculated from the numerical difference between the estimated value for the grid and the station. The mean absolute error for annual extreme minimum temperature was 1.9ºC (3.5ºF) and 2/3 of the stations were classified into the correct zone.}, journal={SCIENTIA AGRICOLA}, author={Magarey, Roger D. and Borchert, Daniel M. and Schlegel, Jay W.}, year={2008}, pages={54–59} }
 @article{nietschke_magarey_borchert_calvin_jones_2007, title={A developmental database to support insect phenology models}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.006}, abstractNote={Insect phenology models are widely used for decision support in pest management and more recently in phytosanitary risk assessments. The development of generic and flexible modeling tools means that phenology models can be quickly created using an insect's developmental threshold temperatures and degree-day requirements. To assist scientists and field practioners in the rapid development and deployment of phenology models, an Insect Development Database containing the developmental requirements for over 500 insect species was created.}, number={9}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Nietschke, Brett S. and Magarey, Roger D. and Borchert, Daniel M. and Calvin, Dennis D. and Jones, Edward}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={1444–1448} }
 @article{borchert_walgenbach_kennedy_2005, title={Assessment of sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.765}, abstractNote={Abstract Sublethal effects of the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide were examined in oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in laboratory and field studies. In laboratory studies, oriental fruit moth larvae reared on diet amended with 0.1 ppm methoxyfenozide developed at the same rate as larvae reared on untreated diet, and paired moths reared as larvae from the same treated or untreated diets exhibited similar fecundity and fertility. Population growth differences over multiple generations were used to examine sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on population dynamics in the field. Multiple single-tree cages were placed over apple (Malus spp.) trees treated with two applications of methoxyfenozide (70 g [AI]/ha) and nontreated trees. Cages were infested at a single time point with virgin male and female oriental fruit moth adults, and population growth was evaluated by egg counts, shoot infestation, fruit damage, and larval counts over a 12-wk period. Significantly fewer eggs, larvae, and damaged fruit were found on methoxyfenozide-treated compared with nontreated trees in 2001. Observed population differences may have been a result of direct mortality to eggs and larvae of the first generation rather than sublethal effects. In 2002, no differences were observed between treatments, but a heavy rain event shortly after the early infestation impacted the experiment. A late moth release treatment was tested in 2002 to examine the effects of residual methoxyfenozide 55 d after initial application. Significantly fewer eggs were found in the methoxyfenozide treatment compared with the control, but no differences existed among treatments in shoot infestation, percentage of damaged fruit, or larval populations. It was concluded direct mortality of eggs and larvae exposed to methoxyfenozide rather than sublethal effects were most important in reduction of subsequent generations.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Borchert, DM and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={765–771} }
 @article{kovanci_walgenbach_kennedy_borchert_2004, title={Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1439-0418"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00906.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) has recently become a key pest of apples throughout the eastern USA. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth was successfully used in North Carolina apple orchards in the past few years. However, low levels of late‐season fruit damage occurred in some orchards treated in late May with hand‐applied pheromone dispensers because of inadequate dispenser longevity. To investigate alternative pheromone application schedules for extended mating disruption control, the following pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticides in Henderson County (NC) in 2002: late May application of hand‐applied dispensers; late June application of hand‐applied dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers supplemented with a late August application of sprayable pheromone dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers which have a longer activity period; and conventional insecticides as a control. All treatments were sprayed with an insecticide at petal fall in late April for thinning and for control of the first generation Oriental fruit moth adults. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in all mating disruption blocks compared with conventional insecticide blocks. Among pheromone treatments, the highest trap captures were recorded in the delayed hand‐applied dispenser treatment in June before treatment. However, the mean percentage fruit damage did not vary with timing of application of hand‐applied dispensers and the type of pheromone dispenser used. Clearly, the combination of each mating disruption treatment with insecticide application against first generation Oriental fruit moth was as effective as the conventional insecticide treatment under moderate population pressure.}, number={9-10}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kovanci, OB and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG and Borchert, D}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={664–669} }
 @article{borchert_stinner_walgenbach_kennedy_2004, title={Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and management with methoxyfenozide in North Carolina apples}, volume={97}, DOI={10.1093/jee/97.4.1353}, abstractNote={The phenology of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), on apple (Malus spp.) in North Carolina was studied using pheromone traps and egg sampling in abandoned and commercial orchards in 2000 and 2001, with subsequent development of an oviposition degree-day model and management studies in relation to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), phenology. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found in greater numbers on leaves early and on fruit later in the growing season, on the top versus the bottom of the leaf surface, and on the calyx area versus the side or stem end of the fruit. A degree-day (DD) model to predict oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed based on temperature accumulations from peak moth trap capture of the first (overwintering) generation, by using 7.2 and 32.2 degrees C as the temperature limits. The model predicted four ovipositing generations of oriental fruit moth with the second beginning 507 DD after peak moth catch. Using predictions of the oriental fruit moth and codling moth degree-day oviposition models, an experiment was conducted to determine the level of second generation oriental fruit moth control with methoxyfenozide applied under different scenarios for first generation codling moth. Methoxyfenozide was equally effective in managing codling moth and oriental fruit moth for all treatment timings.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Borchert, D. M. and Stinner, R. E. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, George}, year={2004}, pages={1353–1364} }
 @article{borchert_walgenbach_kennedy_long_2004, title={Toxicity and residual activity of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)}, volume={97}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-97.4.1342}, abstractNote={Abstract A series of studies were conducted to examine the residual activity and toxicity of the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in North Carolina apple systems. Methoxyfenozide exhibited greater activity than tebufenozide against codling moth eggs in dose-response bioassays, with a 4.5- and 5.3-fold lower LC50 value to eggs laid on fruit treated before or after oviposition, respectively. Oriental fruit moth eggs were 57- and 12-fold less sensitive to methoxyfenozide than were codling moth eggs on fruit treated before and after oviposition, respectively. Methoxyfenozide was effective in reducing larval entries of both codling moth and oriental fruit moth in field residual activity bioassays, exhibiting activity for at least 28 d after application. Residue breakdown on fruit was ≈80% at 28 d after treatment for both methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, with the most rapid residue decline (60%) occurring during the first 14 d after application. Two applications of methoxyfenozide applied at 14-d intervals provided better canopy coverage and higher residue levels than one application. Spray volume (683 versus 2,057 liters/ha) did not affect the efficacy of methoxyfenozide. Leaf and fruit expansion during the season was measured to determine potential plant-growth dilution effects on residual activity. There was very little increase in leaf area after mid May, but increase in fruit surface area over the season was described by a second order polynomial regression. Implications for codling moth and oriental fruit moth management programs are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Borchert, D. M. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, George and Long, J. W.}, year={2004}, pages={1342–1352} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_borchert_2002, title={Influence of cotton microhabitat on temperature and survival of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) within cardboard capsules}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.2.361}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the most suitable release sites in cotton for inundatively released encapsulated Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner. Atypical applications of a plant growth regulator, mepiquat chloride (Pix), were used to manipulate cotton plant size and canopy closure to produce a range of plant sizes that might be present in North Carolina when Trichogramma releases for suppression of third-generation (F3) heliothines were made. Pix treatments had a significant effect on canopy closure, which significantly influenced the number of hours soil surface temperatures between rows were ≥35°C. The mean daily number of hours temperatures were ≥35°C was greatest on the soil surface between rows, followed by in the canopy, then soil surface within rows. A significant correlation between the number of hours preimaginal Trichogramma were exposed to temperatures ≥35°C and Trichogramma emergence was found in 1997. Consequently, suitability of the soil surface as a release site for Trichogramma capsules depended significantly on the level of canopy closure, location of capsules relative to the center of rows, and length of time capsules remained in the field before parasitoid emergence. Our results indicate that these factors should be considered when implementing augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps in cotton.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW and Borchert, DM}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={361–366} }
 @article{borchert_walgenbach_2000, title={Comparison of pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticides for management of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.769}, abstractNote={Abstract Large-plot studies were used to compare pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticide applications for management of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in North Carolina in 1993 and 1994. Pheromone trap catches were reduced in mating disruption blocks, and traps placed in the lower stratum of the canopy had a higher level of trap capture reduction compared with traps placed in the upper stratum. First-generation tufted apple bud moth exposure to either pheromones for mating disruption or insecticides affected second generation pheromone trap catches in the lower and upper canopy. More second generation male moths were caught in pheromone traps placed in the upper compared with the lower canopy in blocks treated with pheromones for mating disruption during the first generation, whereas the opposite was true in blocks treated with insecticides during the first generation. Despite reduced trap catches in pheromone-treated blocks, egg mass densities were not reduced in these blocks compared with insecticide-treated blocks. Furthermore, fruit damage was not significantly different between mating disruption blocks and conventionally treated blocks in orchards with relatively low populations of tufted apple bud moth, but damage was greater in mating disruption blocks in orchards with higher moth densities.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Borchert, DM and Walgenbach, JF}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={769–776} }
 @article{suh_orr_van duyn_borchert_2000, title={Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) releases in North Carolina cotton: Evaluation of heliothine pest suppression}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1127}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to reevaluate the use of augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps for heliothine management in cotton. In 1996, nine releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, spaced 3–4 d apart, were made into three 0.4-ha cotton plots. Six weekly releases were made in 1997, each containing two T. exiguum cohorts developmentally staggered by 45°C degree-days. Field release rates, estimated from laboratory and field quality control data, averaged 108,357 T. exiguum ♀♀ per hectare per cohort per release in 1996 and 193,366 ♀♀ per hectare per cohort per release in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD adult emergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 92 ± 7%; 62 ± 5% of emerged adults were females, 3 ± 2% of females displayed brachyptery (nonfunctional wings), mean female longevity under laboratory conditions was 15 ± 4 d, and mean ± SD field emergence was 97 ± 2%. Quality control measurements were similar in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD percent parasitism of heliothine eggs in field plots on the sampled dates ranged from 67 ± 4 to 83 ± 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 25 ± 9 to 55 ± 8% in control plots. In 1997, parasitism levels ranged from 74 ± 4 to 89 ± 5% in T. exiguum release plots and 18 ± 18 to 69 ± 11% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism levels in T. exiguum release plots, there were no significant differences in density of fifth instars, boll damage, or yield between T. exiguum release and control plots. Therefore, it is concluded that Trichogramma augmentation is not an effective heliothine management tool in North Carolina cotton.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Suh, CPC and Orr, DB and Van Duyn, JW and Borchert, DM}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={1127–1136} }