@article{gemeno_zurek_schal_2004, title={Control of Herpomyces spp. (Ascomycetes : Laboulbeniales) infection in the wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata (Dictyoptera : Blattodea : Blattellidae), with benomyl}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.005}, abstractNote={Understanding the distribution of parasites is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Here, we studied the distribution of the ectoparasitic fungus Laboulbenia formicarum in native and invasive Lasius ants in a 2000 km2 area. We screened over 16,000 ant workers in 478 colonies of five different species. We found that Lab. formicarum was rare in native Lasius species but infected 58% of the colonies of the invasive species Las. neglectus. At landscape scale, Lab. formicarum presence could not be explained by geographic and genetic distances between Las. neglectus colonies but was associated with hotter and dryer climatic conditions and its prevalence in colonies increased with urbanization. Within infected colonies, fungal prevalence varied from 0 to 100 percent within meters and was negatively correlated with impervious ground cover. In a changing world, our findings emphasize the importance of land-use and climatic factors in shaping the distribution and prevalence of fungal parasites.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Gemeno, C and Zurek, L and Schal, C}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={132–135} }
 @article{zurek_schal_2004, title={Evaluation of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) as a vector for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 in confined swine production}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0378-1135"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.04.011}, abstractNote={German cockroaches are common pests of confined swine production in North Carolina and other southeastern states. Vector competence of German cockroaches for one of the most important porcine bacterial pathogens, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays using a culturing approach followed by multiplex PCR. In addition, the populations of fecal coliforms from the feces of piglets and cockroaches collected from a swine nursery were assessed. Viable and virulent cells of E. coli F18 were detected in cockroach feces for up to 8 days after the initial exposure. The population of fecal coliforms in cockroach feces was high (4.4 × 105 CFU g−1) and comparable to that of piglet feces (1.9 × 106 CFU g−1). This study demonstrates that cockroaches may serve as important mechanical vectors of pathogenic E. coli. Integrated management of cockroach populations should be incorporated into the disease prevention and control programs in the swine industry.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Schal, C}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={263–267} }
 @article{gore_zurek_santangelo_stringham_watson_schal_2004, title={Water solutions of boric acid and sugar for management of German cockroach populations in livestock production systems}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.715}, abstractNote={Pest management in conÞnement swine production relies primarily on calendar-based applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. However, regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the large Þnancial obligation of pesticide registration, and development of insecticide resistance have led to a renewed search for alternative control methods. Boric acid dust has long served as an insecticide in urban pest management and has been shown an effective alternative for use in sensitive environments such as swine production. However, dust formulations are difÞcult to apply and require specialized equipment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efÞcacy of liquid baits containing boric acid for the control of German cockroaches in a commercial swine nursery. Bait, consisting of 1 or 2% boric acid and 0.5 M sucrose, was deployed in 21 bait delivery tubes per room. Results of a 2-yr study showed signiÞcant reductions in cockroach populations. When baits were withdrawn in the summer, the cockroach population increased signiÞcantly faster than when the baits were removed during the winter. These data indicate that liquid formulations of boric acid effectively reduce the burden of cockroach infestation in swine production. This approach should have applications in structures in other urban and agricultural environments.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Gore, JC and Zurek, L and Santangelo, RG and Stringham, SM and Watson, DW and Schal, C}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={715–720} }
 @article{zurek_gore_stringham_watson_waldvogel_schal_2003, title={Boric acid dust as a component of an integrated cockroach management program in confined swine production}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1362}, abstractNote={Abstract Boric acid dust treatments were evaluated as a tool for the integrated management of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in commercial confined swine production. The efficacy of boric acid dust was comparable to that of an organic residual insecticide, cyfluthrin, which is commonly used to control cockroaches in this environment. Fall treatments suppressed the cockroach population for longer durations than treatments in the Spring. Boric acid dust is an effective, inexpensive, and low risk (to animal and human health, and the environment) alternative for the management of cockroaches in livestock production systems.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Gore, JC and Stringham, SM and Watson, DW and Waldvogel, MG and Schal, C}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={1362–1366} }
 @article{watson_denning_zurek_stringham_elliott_2003, title={Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.91.96}, abstractNote={The addition of hydrated lime to poultry litter to control insects and pathogens has a history of support. We examined the effects of hydrated lime litter treatments on the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus and the fungal pathogen Aspergillus. Hydrated lime application rates were calculated as poultry house equivalents; 22.6, 45.4, 56.7, 90.7 kg per 93 m (50, 100, 125 and 200 lbs per 1,000 ft ), groun d 2 2}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Watson, D. W. and Denning, S. S. and Zurek, L. and Stringham, S. M. and Elliott, J.}, year={2003}, pages={91} }
 @article{fan_zurek_dykstra_schal_2003, title={Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German cockroach, Blaftella germanica}, volume={90}, number={3}, journal={Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany)}, author={Fan, Y. L. and Zurek, L. and Dykstra, M. J. and Schal, C.}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{trexler_apperson_zurek_gemeno_schal_kaufman_walker_watson_wallace_2003, title={Role of bacteria in mediating the oviposition responses of Aedes albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.841}, abstractNote={Abstract The responses of Aedes albopictus to sources of oviposition attractants and stimulants were evaluated with a behavioral bioassay in which females attracted to odorants emanating from water were trapped on screens coated with an adhesive. Gravid mosquitoes were attracted to volatiles from larval-rearing water and soil-contaminated cotton towels. Bacteria were isolated from these substrates and from an organic infusion made with oak leaves. Through fatty acid-methyl ester analyses, six bacterial isolates from larval-rearing water, two isolates from soil-contaminated cotton towels, and three isolates from oak leaf infusion were identified to species. The response of gravid mosquitoes to these isolates was also evaluated in behavioral bioassays. Water containing Psychrobacter immobilis (from larval-rearing water), Sphingobacterium multivorum (from soil-contaminated cotton towels), and an undetermined Bacillus species (from oak leaf infusion) elicited significantly higher oviposition than control water without bacteria. Only volatiles collected from larval rearing water elicited significant electroantennogram responses in females.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Trexler, JD and Apperson, CS and Zurek, L and Gemeno, C and Schal, C and Kaufman, M and Walker, E and Watson, DW and Wallace, L}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={841–848} }
 @article{stringham_watson_zurek_2003, title={Turkey litter treatment with hydrated lime}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={9}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Stringham, M. and Watson, W. and Zurek, L.}, year={2003}, pages={46} }
 @article{zurek_watson_krasnoff_schal_2002, title={Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes : Entomophthoraceae), on sex pheromone and other cuticular hydrocarbons of the house fly, Musca domestica}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00109-X}, abstractNote={House fly (Musca domestica) males are highly attracted to dead female flies infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae. Because males orient to the larger abdomen of infected flies, both visual and chemical cues may be responsible for the heightened attraction to infected flies. Our behavioral assays demonstrated that the attraction is sex-specific-males were attracted more to infected females than to infected males, regardless of cadaver size. We examined the effect of E. muscae on the main component of the house fly sex pheromone, (Z)-9-tricosene, and other cuticular hydrocarbons including n-tricosane, n-pentacosane, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and total hydrocarbons of young (7 days old) and old (18 days old) virgin females. Young E. muscae-infected female flies accumulated significantly less sex pheromone and other hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface than uninfected females, whereas the cuticular hydrocarbons of older flies were unaffected by fungus infection. These results suggest that chemical cues other than (Z)-9-tricosene, visual cues other than abdomen size, or a combination of both sets of cues might be responsible for attraction of house fly males to E. muscae-infected females.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Watson, DW and Krasnoff, SB and Schal, C}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={171–176} }
 @article{zurek_watson_schal_2002, title={Synergism between Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota : Hyphomycetes) and boric acid against the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae)}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.2001.1012}, abstractNote={Abstract Mortality of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), caused by Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain AC-1 alone and in combination with different formulations of boric acid, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Topical application of M. anisopliae alone (8.96 × 10 9 conidia/m 2 ) required 28 days to cause >92% cockroach mortality (LT 50 = 10 days). In contrast, in combination with boric acid (topically applied as a dust or in drinking water), M. anisopliae killed cockroaches significantly faster than without boric acid. M. anisopliae conidial dust (8.96 × 10 8 conidia/m 2 ) with either 12.5% (w/w) boric acid dust or 0.1% (w/v) boric acid in drinking water killed 100% of the cockroaches in only 8 days (LT 50 = 5 days) and 10 days (LT 50 = 6 days), respectively, without compromising the fungus emergence from cadavers. Replacement of M. anisopliae with flour dust or heat-killed M. anisopliae conidia eliminated this effect, demonstrating that it was not the consequence of greater boric acid ingestion due to more extensive cockroach grooming upon exposure to M. anisopliae conidia. Moreover, injections of a low dose of M. anisopliae, which caused only 30% mortality, together with sublethal concentrations of boric acid into the cockroach hemocoel resulted in a doubling of mortality. Statistical analysis demonstrated a synergistic interaction between these two insecticides.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Zurek, L and Watson, DW and Schal, C}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={296–302} }
 @article{zurek_denning_schal_watson_2001, title={Vector competence of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.333}, abstractNote={Abstract The vector potential of adult house flies, Musca domestica L., for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer), a pathogen of domestic animals and humans, was investigated. Adult flies were allowed to feed on trypticase soy broth (TSB) containing Y. pseudotuberculosis for 6 h and then transferred to sterile containers with sterile TSB as a source of water and nutrients. At 6-h intervals, all flies were transferred to sterile containers with sterile TSB and 10 randomly selected flies were examined for the pathogen. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis did not establish a permanent population in the house fly colony; however, viable cells were detected from the digestive tract of flies for up to 36 h after the initial exposure, and flies contaminated their environment (sterile TSB) for up to 30 h after the exposure. These results demonstrated that house flies can carry Y. pseudotuberculosis for a considerable period and therefore must be considered as a potential mechanical vector of pseudotuberculosis infection.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Denning, SS and Schal, C and Watson, DW}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={333–335} }
 @article{zurek_keddie_2000, title={Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin - a promising microbial control agent of the satin moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0958-3157"]}, DOI={10.1080/095831500750016433}, abstractNote={A new isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana , was tested by laboratory bioassays for potential use as a microbial control agent of the early (third) and last (seventh) instars of the satin moth, Leucoma salicis L. Results demonstrate that this fungus is very effective against last instars of this lepidopteran pest. Although B. bassiana was cultured successfully from internal contents of all cadavers examined, vegetative hyphae emerged from intact cadavers of L. salicis infected as early (third) instar caterpillars only.}, number={5}, journal={BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Keddie, BA}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={641–644} }
 @article{zurek_schal_watson_2000, title={Diversity and contribution of the intestinal bacterial community to the development of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) larvae}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.924}, abstractNote={Abstract The bacterial diversity in the intestinal tract of Musca domestica L. was examined in larvae collected from turkey bedding and corn silage. Aerobic culturing yielded 25 bacterial species, including 11 from larvae collected from turkey bedding and 14 from larvae collected from corn silage. Providencia rettgeri (Hadley, Elkins & Caldwell) was the only species common to both environments. Two mammalian pathogens, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer) and Ochrobactrum anthropi (Holmes), were isolated from the larval intestinal tracts. The majority of isolates represented facultatively anaerobic heterotrophs capable of fermentation. The significance of these bacteria for development of house fly larvae was evaluated by bioassays on trypticase soy egg yolk agar. Pure cultures of individual bacterial species isolated from the intestinal tract of larvae from turkey bedding supported development of flies to a much greater extent than those isolated from larvae from corn silage. House fly development was best supported by a Streptococcus sanguis (White) isolate. The significance of bacteria for development of house flies is discussed.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Schal, C and Watson, DW}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={924–928} }
 @article{fan_zurek_dykstra_schal, title={Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.}, volume={90}, number={3}, journal={Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany)}, author={Fan, Y.-L. and Zurek, L. and Dykstra, M. J. and Schal, C.}, pages={121–126} }