@article{little_2000, title={A wilderness apprenticeship - Olaus Murie in Canada, 1914-15 and 1917}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1084-5453"]}, DOI={10.2307/3985585}, abstractNote={In late May 1914, a large, gray Peterborough freight canoe carrying four men outfitted for a summer of scientific field work cleared the bank of Quebec's Bell River, 185 miles east of Cochrane, Ontario, and entered the northbound current heading for Hudson Bay., Among the four was Olaus J. Murie, a twenty-five-year-old American biologist. Murie's fellow travelers were the expedition leader, W. E. Clyde Todd, and Native American guides Paul Commanda and Jack ("Jocko") Couchai. Todd, a curator of birds at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which sponsored the expedition, described the guides as "Objibwa Indians of ability and intelligence."2 Although professionally unknown at the time, Murie became one of the world's premier wildlife biologists and a major environmental spokesperson. He later conducted seminal field studies of caribou and other faunal species in Alaska, performed a comprehensive scientific assessment of the wapiti or American elk in Wyoming's Jackson Hole and surrounding areas, and pioneered in the study of many other mammals and birds before his retirement in 1945. Murie played a local role in the expansion of Grand Teton National Park and later, as president and director of the Wilderness Society, worked to preserve a number of wild areas in the contiguous United States and Alaska including the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. He also extensively promoted and lobbied for passage of a national wilderness preservation system, which Congress established in the Wilderness Act of 1964, the year following Murie's death.3 Murie became a prolific author and award-winning conservationist. He wrote and illustrated numerous books including Alaska-Yukon Caribou and Fauna of the Aleutians andAlaska Peninsula, scientific monographs based on his fieldwork. The National Wildlife Society judged his comprehensive wapiti study, The Elk of North America, the "outstanding publication on terrestrial wildlife" in 1951. Murie wrote and illustrated A Field Guide to Animal Tracks in the acclaimed Roger Tory Peterson Field Guide Series. He shared authorship of Wapiti Wilderness with his wife, Margaret E. Murie, who also completed her husband's memoir, Journeys to the Far North, after his death. Writer and historian J. Frank Dobie personally selected}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY}, author={Little, JJ}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={531–544} }