@misc{scarantino_nagle_kim_ufer_fiering_kermani_2007, title={Methods, computer program products, and devices for calibrating chronically tissue implanted sensors using chronically tissue}, volume={7,171,252}, number={2007 Jan. 30}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Kim, C.-S. and Ufer, S. and Fiering, J. and Kermani, B. G.}, year={2007} }
 @misc{ufer_2005, title={2D/3D chemical sensors and methods of fabricating and operating the same}, volume={6,843,899}, number={2005 Jan. 18}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Ufer, S.}, year={2005} }
 @article{kim_lee_fiering_ufer_scarantino_nagle_2004, title={Manipulation of microenvironment with a built-in electrochemical actuator in proximity of a dissolved oxygen microsensor}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2004.832857}, abstractNote={Biochemical sensors for continuous monitoring require dependable periodic self diagnosis with acceptable simplicity to check its functionality during operation. An in-situ self-diagnostic technique for a dissolved oxygen microsensor is proposed in an effort to devise an intelligent microsensor system with an integrated electrochemical actuation electrode. With a built-in platinum microelectrode that surrounds the microsensor, two kinds of microenvironments, called the oxygen-saturated or oxygen-depleted phases, can be created by water electrolysis, depending on the polarity. The functionality of the microsensor can be checked during these microenvironment phases. The polarographic oxygen microsensor is fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate (Kapton) and the feasibility of the proposed concept is demonstrated in a physiological solution. The sensor responds properly during the oxygen-generating and oxygen-depleting phases. The use of these microenvironments for in-situ self-calibration is discussed to achieve functional integration, as well as structural integration, of the microsensor system.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Kim, CS and Lee, CH and Fiering, JO and Ufer, S and Scarantino, CW and Nagle, HT}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={568–575} }
 @article{kim_ufer_seagle_engle_nagle_johnson_cascio_2004, title={Use of micromachined probes for the recording of cardiac electrograms in isolated heart tissues}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1873-4235"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.bios.2003.10.011}, abstractNote={Micromachined probes, with iridium (Ir) microelectrodes on silicon shanks, were evaluated to assess their suitability for cardiac electrogram recording. The electrochemical activation (anodic oxidation) procedure for the circular Ir microelectrode was investigated using the square wave potential according to the electrode size, number of cycles, and cathodic-anodic potential level of the square wave. Increase in the charge storage capacity was pronounced either in smaller electrodes or with higher potential level of the square wave. The electrode impedance reduced in a similar manner with increasing number of cycle irrespective of the electrode size. With either lower potential level (-0.70/+0.60 V) or smaller number of cycle (200 cycles) than those for the activation of stimulating electrode, the likelihood of overactivation of the recording microelectrode can be minimized. These anodic IrOx film (AIROF) microelectrodes were used for the recording of extracellular electrograms in two different ex vivo cardiac tissue preparations. A single-shank microprobe was applied to the left ventricle of a mouse heart. Both the spontaneous and paced transmural responses propagating between epicardium and endocardium were obtained. Longitudinal cardiac wavefronts propagating along the rabbit papillary muscle were also recorded with a unique multiple-shank design. The measured mean amplitude and the propagation velocity of the extracellular voltage were 12.2 +/- 1.8 mV and 58.9 +/- 2.2 cm/s, respectively (n = 27). These microprobes with precisely defined electrode spacing make a useful tool for the spatial and temporal mapping of electrical properties in isolated heart tissues ex vivo.}, number={9}, journal={BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS}, author={Kim, CS and Ufer, S and Seagle, CM and Engle, CL and Nagle, HT and Johnson, TA and Cascio, WE}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={1109–1116} }
 @misc{ufer_cuomo_2003, title={Pattern release film between two laminated surfaces}, volume={6,627,034}, number={2003 Sept. 30}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Ufer, S. and Cuomo, J. J.}, year={2003}, month={Sep} }