@misc{klaenhammer_russell_altermann_buck_2009, title={Lactobacillus acidophillus nucleic acid sequences encoding cell surface protein homologues and uses therefore}, volume={7,538,209}, number={2009 May 26}, author={Klaenhammer, T. R. and Russell, W. M. and Altermann, E. and Buck, B. L.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{klaenhammer_altermann_azcarate-peril_mcauliffe_russell_2009, title={Lactobacillus acidophilus nucleic acid sequences encoding stress-related proteins and uses therefor}, volume={7,608,700}, number={1999 Oct. 27}, author={Klaenhammer, T. R. and Altermann, E. and Azcarate-Peril, M. A. and McAuliffe, O. and Russell, W. M.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{klaenhammer_russell_altermann_azcarate-peril_2009, title={Nucleic acid sequences encoding two-component sensing and regulatory proteins, antimicrobial proteins and uses therefor}, volume={7,550,576}, number={2009 Jun 23}, author={Klaenhammer, T. R. and Russell, W. M. and Altermann, E. and Azcarate-Peril, A.}, year={2009} }
 @misc{klaenhammer_altermann_barrangou_russell_duong_2008, title={Lactobacillus acidophilus nucleic acid sequences encoding carbohydrate utilization-related proteins and uses therefor}, volume={7,459,289}, number={2008 Dec. 2}, author={Klaenhammer, T. R. and Altermann, E. and Barrangou, R. and Russell, W. M. and Duong, T.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{klaenhammer_altermann_russell_2008, title={Lactobacillus acidophilus nucleic acid sequences encoding protease homologues and uses therefore}, volume={7,455,992}, number={2008 Nov. 25}, author={Klaenhammer, T. R. and Altermann, E. and Russell, W. M.}, year={2008} }
 @article{callanan_russell_klaenhammer_2007, title={Modification of Lactobacillus beta-glucuronidase activity by random mutagenesis}, volume={389}, ISSN={["0378-1119"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gene.2006.10.022}, abstractNote={The Lactobacillus gasseri ADH β-glucuronidase gene, gusA , was cloned previously and found to exhibit excellent activity in acidic pH ranges, with maximal activity at pH 5.0. In contrast, activity was limited in neutral pH ranges of 6–7. In an effort to improve the activity of the reporter enzyme in neutral pH ranges, the gusA gene was cloned into the broad host range vector, pGK12, and subjected to random mutagenesis by passage through Epicurian coli mutator strain XL1-Red. Two mutant alleles, gusA2 and gusA3 , were recovered that produced β-glucuronidase with increased activity in neutral pH ranges. One of these, gusA3 , was significantly more active in the pH range of 4–8 in both Escherichia coli and L. gasseri . Sequence analysis of gusA2 and gusA3 revealed single base pair changes that resulted in D524G and D573A substitutions, respectively. The modified GusA3 enzyme has expanded potential for use as a reporter enzyme in expression hosts that are not acidophilic, as well as lactic acid bacteria and other microorganisms that grow in acidifying environments.}, number={2}, journal={GENE}, author={Callanan, Michael J. and Russell, William M. and Klaenhammer, Todd R.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={122–127} }
 @article{altermann_russell_azcarate-peril_barrangou_buck_mcauliffe_souther_dobson_duong_callanan_et al._2005, title={Complete genome sequence of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0409188102}, abstractNote={Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a probiotic bacterium that has been produced commercially since 1972. The complete genome is 1,993,564 nt and devoid of plasmids. The average GC content is 34.71% with 1,864 predicted ORFs, of which 72.5% were functionally classified. Nine phage-related integrases were predicted, but no complete prophages were found. However, three unique regions designated as potential autonomous units (PAUs) were identified. These units resemble a unique structure and bear characteristics of both plasmids and phages. Analysis of the three PAUs revealed the presence of two R/M systems and a prophage maintenance system killer protein. A spacers interspersed direct repeat locus containing 32 nearly perfect 29-bp repeats was discovered and may provide a unique molecular signature for this organism. In silico analyses predicted 17 transposase genes and a chromosomal locus for lactacin B, a class II bacteriocin. Several mucus- and fibronectin-binding proteins, implicated in adhesion to human intestinal cells, were also identified. Gene clusters for transport of a diverse group of carbohydrates, including fructooligosaccharides and raffinose, were present and often accompanied by transcriptional regulators of the lacI family. For protein degradation and peptide utilization, the organism encoded 20 putative peptidases, homologs for PrtP and PrtM, and two complete oligopeptide transport systems. Nine two-component regulatory systems were predicted, some associated with determinants implicated in bacteriocin production and acid tolerance. Collectively, these features within the genome sequence of L. acidophilus are likely to contribute to the organisms' gastric survival and promote interactions with the intestinal mucosa and microbiota.}, number={11}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Altermann, E and Russell, WM and Azcarate-Peril, MA and Barrangou, R and Buck, BL and McAuliffe, O and Souther, N and Dobson, A and Duong, T and Callanan, M and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={3906–3912} }
 @article{azcarate-peril_mcauliffe_altermann_lick_russell_klaenhammer_2005, title={Microarray analysis of a two-component regulatory system involved in acid resistance and proteolytic activity in Lactobacillus acidophilus}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.71.10.5794-5804.2005}, abstractNote={Two-component regulatory systems are one primary mechanism for environmental sensing and signal transduction. Annotation of the complete genome sequence of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM revealed nine two-component regulatory systems. In this study, the histidine protein kinase of a two-component regulatory system (LBA1524HPK-LBA1525RR), similar to the acid-related system lisRK from Listeria monocytogenes (P. D. Cotter et al., J. Bacteriol. 181:6840-6843, 1999), was insertionally inactivated. A whole-genome microarray containing 97.4% of the annotated genes of L. acidophilus was used to compare genome-wide patterns of transcription at various pHs between the control and the histidine protein kinase mutant. The expression pattern of approximately 80 genes was affected by the LBA1524HPK mutation. Putative LBA1525RR target loci included two oligopeptide-transport systems present in the L. acidophilus genome, other components of the proteolytic system, and a LuxS homolog, suspected of participating in synthesis of the AI-2 signaling compound. The mutant exhibited lower tolerance to acid and ethanol in logarithmic-phase cells and poor acidification rates in milk. Supplementation of milk with Casamino Acids essentially restored the acid-producing ability of the mutant, providing additional evidence for a role of this two component system in regulating proteolytic activity in L. acidophilus.}, number={10}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Azcarate-Peril, MA and McAuliffe, O and Altermann, E and Lick, S and Russell, WM and Klaenhammer, TR}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={5794–5804} }
 @misc{russell_klaenhammer_2003, title={Polynucleotide encoding a Lactobacillus gasseri beta-glucuronidase polypeptide}, volume={6,664,097}, number={2003 Dec. 16}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Russell, W. M. and Klaenhammer, T. R.}, year={2003} }
 @article{russell_klaenhammer_2001, title={Efficient system for directed integration into the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri chromosomes via homologous recombination}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0099-2240"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.67.9.4361-4364.2001}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT An efficient method is described for the generation of site-specific chromosomal integrations in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri . The strategy is an adaptation of the lactococcal pORI system (K. Leenhouts, G. Venema, and J. Kok, Methods Cell Sci. 20:35–50, 1998) and relies on the simultaneous use of two plasmids. The functionality of the integration strategy was demonstated by the insertional inactivation of the Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM lacL gene encoding β-galactosidase and of the Lactobacillus gasseri ADH gusA gene encoding β-glucuronidase.}, number={9}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Russell, WM and Klaenhammer, TR}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={4361–4364} }