@article{munana_saito_hoshi_2007, title={Beta-2-microglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal dogs and dogs with neurological disease}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250377355&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00204.x}, abstractNote={ Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is the basis for establishing a diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. However, the information provided by routine CSF analysis is limited. Determination of CSF beta‐2‐microglobulin (β2m) concentration has been used diagnostically in humans to identify inflammatory CNS disease; we hypothesized that it may have similar value in dogs. Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure β2m concentration in the CSF of clinically healthy dogs and compare the values to those observed in dogs with inflammatory CNS disease and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Methods: CSF was collected from 10 clinically healthy laboratory dogs and 11 dogs each with inflammatory CNS disease and IVDD. Routine CSF analysis was performed, and β2m concentration was measured by ELISA. CSF β2m concentration and CSF:serum β2m ratio were compared between groups by ANOVA. Linear relationships between CSF total nucleated cell count (TNCC), RBC count, total protein concentration, and β2m concentration were assessed by regression analysis. Results: The mean (± SD) CSF β2m concentration in clinically healthy dogs was 0.36 ± 0.05 μg/mL (cisternal) and 0.40 ± 0.07 μg/mL (lumbar). Median CSF β2m concentration in dogs with IVDD (0.46 μg/mL) and inflammatory CNS disease (0.85 μg/mL) differed from that of controls (0.36 μg/mL; P= .002). The concentration also differed between the 2 disease groups (P= .01). Five dogs with inflammatory CNS disease had CSF:serum β2m ratios >1. A correlation was identified between TNCC and β2m concentration (r= 0.69, P= .0003). Conclusions: CSF β2m concentration is higher in dogs with IVDD and inflammatory CNS disease, with highest values seen with inflammatory disease. This may be attributed in part to the correlation between CSF β2m concentration and TNCC, but also may reflect intrathecal immune activation.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Munana, Karen R. and Saito, Miyoko and Hoshi, Fumio}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={173–178} }
 @article{saito_olby_spaulding_munana_sharp_2003, title={Relationship among basilar artery resistance index, degree of ventriculomegaly, and clinical signs in hydrocephalic dogs}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342290248&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00532.x}, abstractNote={Forty‐four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determ‐ine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resis‐tance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Olby, NT and Spaulding, K and Munana, K and Sharp, NJH}, year={2003}, pages={687–694} }
 @article{saito_sharp_munana_troan_tokuriki_thrall_2002, title={CT findings of intracranial blastomycosis in a dog}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036369393&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Computed tomography (CT) findings in a dog with intracranial blastomycosis were marked periventricular contrast enhancement of the lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct. The CT appearance correlated with the histopathologic findings, where severe ependymitis was present throughout the ventricular system and there was stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct due to an inflammatory infiltrate. CT is therefore recommended as a screening test for intracranial blastomycosis in dogs and also as an imaging modality for follow‐up evaluation after treatment. This is particularly true in dogs with systemic or ocular blastomycosis, which appear to be at higher risk of developing CNS involvement.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Sharp, NJH and Munana, K and Troan, BV and Tokuriki, M and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{saito_sharp_kortz_lahunta_leventer_tokuriki_thrall_2002, title={Magnetic resonance imaging features of lissencephaly in 2 Lhasa Apsos}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01013.x}, abstractNote={Two Lhasa Apsos were diagnosed with lissencephaly based on MR imaging and clinical findings. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in one dog. The MR imaging appearance of the brain in 2 Lhasa Apsos with lissencephaly was of a smooth cerebral surface and a thick neocortex with an absence of the corona radiata. This correlated very well with the histopathologic findings in the dog. Our findings, together with the histopathologic features reported previously, are most consistent with Lhasa Apsos having the canine equivalent of human classical lissencephaly. MR is the imaging modality of choice for antemortem diagnosis of canine lissencephaly.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Sharp, NJH and Kortz, GD and Lahunta, A and Leventer, RJ and Tokuriki, M and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={331–337} }
 @article{saito_olby_obledo_gookin_2002, title={Muscle cramps in two standard poodles with hypoadrenocorticism}, volume={38}, DOI={10.5326/0380437}, abstractNote={Two standard poodles were evaluated for painful, episodic muscle cramps affecting their thoracic and pelvic limbs. Both dogs had been diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism and were being treated with fludrocortisone acetate and prednisone when evaluated for muscle cramps. However, the muscle cramping started approximately 1 month prior to the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Findings on general physical examination included lethargy and dehydration. Neurological examination was normal between episodes. Serum biochemical abnormalities included hyperalbuminemia, azotemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia. Altering treatment to desoxycorticosterone pivalate resolved the electrolyte abnormalities and the episodes of muscle cramping in both dogs. The authors conclude that hypoadrenocorticism can be associated with episodes of painful muscle cramping in standard poodles.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Saito, M. and Olby, N. J. and Obledo, L. and Gookin, Jody}, year={2002}, pages={437–443} }
 @article{munana_vitek_tarver_saito_skeen_sharp_olby_haglund_2002, title={Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in dogs}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036777150&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.977}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Munana, KR and Vitek, SM and Tarver, WB and Saito, M and Skeen, TM and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ and Haglund, MM}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={977–983} }
 @article{saito_olby_spaulding_2001, title={Identification of arachnoid cysts in the quadrigeminal cistern using ultrasonography}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00966.x}, abstractNote={The ultrasonographic findings in three small breed dogs with intracranial arachnoid cysts are described. Ultrasound images were obtained via the foramen magnum, temporal window and persistent bregmatic fontanelle (when possible). In transverse, dorsal and sagittal transcranial ultrasound images there was marked dilation of the lateral ventricles and a well‐defined, oval to triangular‐shaped an‐echoic area between the caudal aspect of the occipital lobes, dorsal to the midbrain, and rostral to the cerebellum. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of concurrent hydrocephalus and an arachnoid cyst within the quadrigeminal cistern.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Olby, NJ and Spaulding, K}, year={2001}, pages={435–439} }
 @article{saito_munana_sharp_olby_2001, title={Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990-1996)}, volume={219}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0342902123&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.618}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Saito, M and Munana, KR and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={618–623} }