@article{tomlinson_blikslager_2005, title={Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors flunixin and deracoxib on permeability of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/0425164054406865}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Blikslager, AT}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={75–80} }
 @article{little_tomlinson_blikslager_2005, title={Post operative neutrophilic inflammation in equine small intestine after manipulation and ischaemia}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.2746/0425164054529472}, abstractNote={REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Post operative ileus (POI) remains an important cause of post operative morbidity and mortality in the horse. However, clinical progression of naturally occurring cases of POI in both horse and man does not entirely support the 'neurogenic' hypothesis as the sole mechanism of POI; and the hypothesis that inflammation plays a major role at 12-24 h after surgery requires validation.


HYPOTHESIS
An inflammatory infiltrate in the muscularis externa and myenteric plexus of equine jejunum is present 18 h following a period of ischaemia.


METHODS
Samples of normal jejunum, jejunum from the proximal resection margins of clinical cases and jejunum obtained 18 h after 1 or 2 h ischaemia or manipulation alone were evaluated for neutrophil infiltration. Samples obtained 18 h after surgery were additionally evaluated for leucocyte activation using calprotectin immunohistochemistry. Results were evaluated by ANOVA and P < 0.05 was considered significant.


RESULTS
Significant neutrophilic inflammation was identified in the samples from the proximal resection margins of clinical cases compared to uninjured jejunum. In experimental cases, neutrophilic inflammation appeared to be increased further by 18 h and was identified through all intestinal layers, particularly in the serosa, fascial planes around circular and longitudinal muscle fibres, and myenteric plexus. This elevated level of neutrophilic inflammation was mirrored by an increased number of calprotectin-positive cells in these intestinal layers, indicating leucocyte activation.


CONCLUSIONS
Significant neutrophilic inflammation occurs in equine jejunal myenteric layers 18 h after surgery.


POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
This neutrophilic inflammation coincides with the clinical time point at which POI is identified and may indicate that inflammatory pathways, rather than solely neurogenic pathways, are responsible for POI in the horse.}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Little, D and Tomlinson, JE and Blikslager, AT}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={329–335} }
 @article{tomlinson_wilder_young_blikslager_2004, title={Effects of flunixin meglumine or etodolac treatment on mucosal recovery of equine jejunum after ischemia}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3042571674&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.761}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Wilder, BO and Young, KM and Blikslager, AT}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={761–769} }
 @article{tomlinson_blikslager_2004, title={Effects of ischemia and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin on in vitro passage of lipopolysaccharide across equine jejunum}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-5644271864&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1377}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Blikslager, AT}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1377–1383} }
 @article{tomlinson_blikslager_2004, title={Interactions between lipopolysaccharide and the intestinal epithelium}, volume={224}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2442581583&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.224.1446}, abstractNote={I ischemia often results in endotoxemia, and endotoxemia significantly increases postoperative morbidity and mortality rates in patients with ischemic intestinal disease. Even if all grossly ischemic intestine is resected, remaining intestine may be injured as a result of distention. In addition, intestine at the margins of the resection may have evidence of serosal injury and neutrophil infiltration. Endotoxemia is a result of absorption of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from intestinal gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria release LPS during periods of rapid proliferation and cell death. Once absorbed, LPS stimulates host cells, principally monocytes and macrophages, to produce and release endogenous mediators of inflammation, triggering pathophysiologic effects that range from mild fever to fatal septic shock. Although intestinal epithelial cells were once regarded as merely a barrier to LPS, it has recently been determined that these cells interact specifically with LPS molecules. Intestinal epithelial cells are normally exposed to high numbers of intact bacteria and high concentrations of bacterial products and form a barrier to LPS absorption and intestinal microbial invasion. As a result, intestinal epithelial cells must recognize and react to pathologic bacteria but avoid responding to the normal gastrointestinal tract flora. Inappropriate responses to normal gastrointestinal tract flora likely play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Intestinal epithelial cells are regularly exposed to LPS, and small amounts of LPS may be found in the portal blood of healthy individuals. Kupffer cells in the liver typically remove this LPS before it can reach the systemic circulation. However, if the amount of LPS in the portal blood overwhelms the liver’s mechanisms for LPS removal, then LPS will enter the systemic circulation. Circulating LPS interacts with host cells via specific cell surface receptors, and the intercalation of these molecules is considered to be an important step in the activation cascade.}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Blikslager, AT}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={1446–1452} }
 @article{tomlinson_redding_berry_smallwood_2003, title={Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine tarsus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01267.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the equine tarsus. CT exami‐nations of the tarsal regions from four cli‐nically and radiographically normal adult horses, which were euthanized for reasons not related to musculoskeletal disease, were included in the study. Limbs were removed at the level of midtibia, and 3‐mni contiguous transverse CT images were obtained, starting at a level proximal to the tuber calcanei and con‐tinuing distally into the proximal metatarsus. Soft tissue and bone windows were used to image different anatomic features, including bones, joints, and various soft tissue components of the tarsus. Each transverse slice was compared with bone models and dissected specimens to assist in the accurate identification of spe‐cific structures. The results of the study consist of nine CT images of the equine tarsus. Each image incorporates labeled soft tissue and bone‐window images, a directional compass indi‐cating cranial (Cr) or dorsal (D) and lateral (L), and a reconstructed scout image indicating the level through which the transverse slice was made.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Redding, WR and Berry, C and Smallwood, JE}, year={2003}, pages={174–178} }
 @article{tomlinson_sage_turner_2003, title={Ultrasonographic abnormalities detected in the sacroiliac area in twenty cases of upper hindlimb lameness}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516403775467540}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Sage, AM and Turner, TA}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={48–54} }
 @article{tomlinson_sage_turner_feeney_2001, title={Detailed ultrasonographic mapping of the pelvis in clinically normal horses and ponies}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1768}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Tomlinson, JE and Sage, AM and Turner, TA and Feeney, DA}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={1768–1775} }