@article{sherrill_bullock_mullin_mckeand_purnell_2011, title={Total and merchantable stem volume equations for midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)}, volume={35}, number={3}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Bullock, B. P. and Mullin, T. J. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C.}, year={2011}, pages={105–108} }
 @inbook{mullin_andersson_bastien_beaulieu_burdon_dvorak_king_kondo_krakowski_lee_et al._2009, title={Economic importance, breeding objectives and achievements}, booktitle={Genomics of industrial crops}, publisher={New Hampshire, UK: Science Publishers}, author={Mullin, T. J. and Andersson, B. and Bastien, J.-C. and Beaulieu, J. and Burdon, R. D. and Dvorak, W. S. and King, J. N. and Kondo, T. and Krakowski, J. and Lee, S. D. and et al.}, editor={Plomion, C. and Bousquet, J.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @article{sherrill_mullin_bullock_mckeand_purnell_gumpertz_isik_2008, title={An evaluation of selection for volume growth in loblolly pine}, volume={57}, ISSN={["2509-8934"]}, DOI={10.1515/sg-2008-0004}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SILVAE GENETICA}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Mullin, T. J. and Bullock, B. P. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C. and Gumpertz, M. L. and Isik, F.}, year={2008}, pages={22–28} }
 @article{yu_li_nelson_mckeand_batista_mullin_2006, title={Association of the cad-n1 allele with increased stem growth and wood density in full-sib families of loblolly pine}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-005-0032-y}, number={2}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Yu, Q. and Li, B. and Nelson, C. D. and McKeand, S. E. and Batista, V. B. and Mullin, T. J.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={98–108} }
 @article{mckeand_jokela_huber_byram_allen_li_mullin_2006, title={Performance of improved genotypes of loblolly pine across different soils, climates, and silvicultural inputs}, volume={227}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.016}, abstractNote={Deployment of improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes across the southern United States is a standard silvicultural practice. Most planting is conducted using open-pollinated (OP) families from first- or second-generation seed orchards, and these OP families typically display remarkable rank stability for productivity and quality traits across a range of site characteristics, climates, and silvicultural systems. With only a few exceptions, families are generally stable in performance across all sites within a climatic zone. As tree improvement and nursery programs progress towards deployment of more intensively selected genotypes and less genetically diverse full-sib families or clones, there may be a greater likelihood that genotype by environment (G × E) interactions will become important, particularly as the level of silvicultural treatment intensity increases. We present evidence from numerous trials with full-sib families and clones demonstrating that G × E for growth and other traits is no more significant than for OP families. At present and for the foreseeable future, G × E does not appear to be a major concern for the majority of deployed genetic sources under most silvicultural systems.}, number={1-2}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={McKeand, Steven E. and Jokela, Eric J. and Huber, Dudley A. and Byram, Thomas D. and Allen, H. Lee and Li, Bailian and Mullin, Timothy J.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={178–184} }
 @article{lstiburek_mullin_el-kassaby_2006, title={The impact of differential success of somatic embryogenesis on the outcome of clonal forestry programs. I. Initial comparison under multitrait selection}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X06-036}, abstractNote={ A breeding program where clones or clone mixtures are deployed through somatic embryogenesis of superior genotypes produced from elite-parent crosses was evaluated by simulation. A recurrent-selection scheme for general combining ability was considered with a breeding population size of 100 individuals. The population was assortatively pair-crossed with offspring cloned in a progeny test to facilitate forward selection of the next generation. Apart from crosses for the population advancement, "elite" crosses were made among 10 top-ranking individuals in each generation. These crosses differed in their propensity to produce somatic embryos (defined as induction success rate); the impact of this variable propensity on genetic response for two traits in selected 10-clone deployment mixtures was evaluated. The two traits considered in this study can be regarded as "productivity" and "quality". The results revealed that variation in success of clonal propagation does not necessarily lead to a reduction in potential genetic gains from selected clonal mixtures. This can be explained by the relatively small variation that exists among elite crosses, as opposed to large within-family variation. This large within-family variation provides ample potential for selecting superior offspring genotypes, even though they may have not originated from crosses among the very best of the elite parents. This conclusion holds for a range of heritability, correlations between traits, and their relative economic importance. }, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Lstiburek, Milan and Mullin, T. J. and El-Kassaby, Yousry A.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1376–1384} }
 @article{yu_mckeand_nelson_li_sherrill_mullin_2005, title={Differences in wood density and growth of fertilized and nonfertilized loblolly pine associated with a mutant gene, cad-n1}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X05-103}, abstractNote={ A rare mutant allele (cad-n1) of the cad gene in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) causes a deficiency in the production of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Effects associated with this allele were examined by comparing wood density and growth traits of cad-n1 heterozygous trees with those of wild-type trees in a 10-year-old open-pollinated family trial growing under two levels of fertilization in Scotland County, North Carolina. In all, 200 trees were sampled, with 100 trees for each fertilizer treatment. Wood density measurements were collected from wood cores at breast height using X-ray densitometry. We found that the substitution of a cad-n1 for a wild-type allele (Cad) was associated with a significant effect on wood density. The cad-n1 heterozygotes had a significantly higher wood density (+2.6%) compared with wild-type trees. The higher density was apparently due to the higher percentage of latewood in the heterozygotes. The fertilization effect was highly significant for both growth and wood density traits. This study indicates that the cad-n1 allele could be a valuable gene to the pulp and paper industry for the purpose of enhancing pulp yields by increasing wood density. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Yu, Q and McKeand, SE and Nelson, CD and Li, B and Sherrill, JR and Mullin, TJ}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1723–1730} }
 @article{kang_lindgren_mullin_choi_han_2005, title={Genetic gain and diversity of orchard crops under alternative management options in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii}, volume={54}, number={3}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={Kang, K. S. and Lindgren, D. and Mullin, T. J. and Choi, W. Y. and Han, S. U.}, year={2005}, pages={93–96} }
 @article{lstiburek_mullin_mackay_huber_li_2005, title={Positive assortative mating with family size as a function of predicted parental breeding values}, volume={171}, ISSN={["1943-2631"]}, DOI={10.1534/genetics.105.041723}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={GENETICS}, author={Lstiburek, M and Mullin, TJ and Mackay, TFC and Huber, D and Li, B}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={1311–1320} }
 @article{byram_mullin_white_van buijtenen_2005, title={The  future of tree improvement in the southeastern United States: Alternative visions for the next decade}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Byram, T. D. and Mullin, T. J. and White, T. L. and Van Buijtenen, J. P.}, year={2005}, pages={88–95} }
 @inproceedings{sherrill_mullin_bullock_mckeand_purnell_gumpertz_2005, title={Total inside-bark volume estimation for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in genetic trials}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Mullin, T. J. and Bullock, B. P. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={2005}, pages={123–125} }
 @inproceedings{mullin_li_mckeand_2004, title={Delivering on the promise of tree improvement in the southeastern United States}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Mullin, T. and Li, B. and McKeand, S.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @article{kang_lindgren_mullin_2004, title={Fertility variation, genetic relatedness, and their impacts on gene diversity of seeds from a seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii}, volume={53}, DOI={10.1515/sg-2004-0037}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={06-May}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={Kang, K. S. and Lindgren, D. and Mullin, T. J.}, year={2004}, pages={202–206} }
 @article{lstiburek_mullin_lindgren_rosvall_2004, title={Open-nucleus breeding strategies compared with population-wide positive assortative mating}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-004-1737-2}, abstractNote={This study compares population-wide positive assortative mating (PAM) with open-nucleus breeding with an elite and main population when more effort is allocated to parents of the elite. A companion study showed that PAM is advantageous when testing effort is independent of parental value. In the present study,unbalanced testing was imposed by varying the number of crosses or the number of genotypes per cross. These unbalanced alternatives are compared with PAM, where the testing effort was varied so that better parents were mated more frequently. More effort allocated to parents of higher rank increased the additive effect and the additive variance and only slightly altered the group coancestry and inbreeding in the breeding population (BP) compared with completely balanced scenarios. Of particular interest to the breeder, large enhancement of the additive variance in the BP contributed to higher gains in the production population (PP). These simulations demonstrate that population-wide PAM leads to higher genetic gains compared with open-nucleus alternatives at any desired target level of diversity in the PP. This is true for both balanced (part I)and unbalanced distribution of testing effort (part II).}, number={6}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Lstiburek, M and Mullin, TJ and Lindgren, D and Rosvall, O}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1169–1177} }
 @article{lstiburek_mullin_lindgren_rosvall_2004, title={Open-nucleus breeding strategies compared with population-wide positive assortative mating - I. Equal distribution of testing effort}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-004-1746-1}, abstractNote={Positive assortative mating (PAM) can enhance the additive genetic variance in a breeding population(BP). This increases the potential for gains in the production population (PP, selected subset of the BP) for recurrent selection programs in forest trees. The assortment of mates can be either: (1) by individual tree rank across the whole BP (PAM), or (2) trees of similar rank can be merged into larger hierarchical groups and then mated randomly within group ("open"-nucleus breeding,NB). The objective of this study was to compare PAM and NB in quantitative terms. The NB simulation model assumed two tiers (nucleus, main) with unrestricted migration between the tiers. Clonal tests were used to predict breeding values and test resources per mate were kept constant for all mates. Both gain and diversity were combined into a single selection criterion, "group-merit selection." Alternatives were compared over five breeding cycles by considering genetic gain and diversity in a selected PP established in a seed orchard. The assortment of mates in both alternatives enhanced additive variance and increased the additive effect in the BP, leading to additional gain in the PP. Gains generated under PAM always exceeded gains under NB. Thus, the main message from this study is that PAM in both the short- and long-term results in more gain at any target level of diversity in the PP (the breeder's target) than is achieved by the NB alternative. The optimum size of the nucleus varies with the desired level of seed orchard diversity. At lower target diversity, smaller nucleus sizes are favorable, while larger sizes result in more gain when seed orchard diversity is considered more important.}, number={6}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Lstiburek, M and Mullin, T and Lindgren, D and Rosvall, O}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1196–1203} }
 @inproceedings{yu_capanema_batista_josserand_johnson_nelson_mckeand_mackay_kadla_li_et al._2004, title={Tracking down the effects of a rare mutant gene in loblolly pine: a first report}, booktitle={2004 Paper Summit, Spring Technical and International Environmental Conference}, publisher={CD-ROM published by TAPPI,  Norcross, GA}, author={Yu, Q. and Capanema, E. and Batista, V. B. and Josserand, S. and Johnson, G. and Nelson, C. D. and McKeand, S. E. and MacKay, J. J. and Kadla, J. F. and Li, B. and et al.}, year={2004} }
 @article{mckeand_mullin_byram_white_2003, title={Deployment of genetically improved loblolly and slash pines in the south}, volume={101}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. and Mullin, T. and Byram, T. and White, T.}, year={2003}, pages={32–37} }
 @article{mckeand_amerson_li_mullin_2003, title={Families of loblolly pine that are the most stable for resistance to fusiform rust are the least predictable}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/X03-050}, abstractNote={ In an extensive series of trials with open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), resistance to fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at individual test sites was relatively unpredictable for the families deemed most resistant. The most resistant families were also the most stable for performance across test sites, with stability defined as the slope of the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. A family's R-50 value (its predicted rust infection level when the site mean infection is 50%) was correlated to its stability parameter or slope (r = 0.78). On average, any one family's level of infection (% galled) was reasonably predictable for any given infection level at a given site; the average coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.78 for the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. However, the six most stable families for resistance had the lowest r2 values (average r2 = 0.58). We speculated that the lower predictability for the most resistant families was due to interactions of specific resistance genes in these families and corresponding avirulence and (or) virulence levels in the pathogen populations that may differ among sites. Although the predictability of the individual resistant families was relatively low, if these families were bulked into a resistant seed lot, they performed in a more predictable manner with r2 = 0.74 for the regression of the bulk mean versus site means. Bulks of four to six highly resistant families appeared to be a good solution to obtain stable and predictable performance across a range of sites. }, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={McKeand, SE and Amerson, HV and Li, B and Mullin, TJ}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={1335–1339} }
 @article{rosvall_mullin_2003, title={Positive assortative mating with selection restrictions on group coancestry enhances gain while conserving genetic diversity in long-term forest tree breeding}, volume={107}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-003-1318-9}, abstractNote={Selection and mating principles in a closed breeding population (BP) were studied by computer simulation. The BP was advanced, either by random assortment of mates (RAM), or by positive assortative mating (PAM). Selection was done with high precision using clonal testing. Selection considered both genetic gain and gene diversity by "group-merit selection", i.e. selection for breeding value weighted by group coancestry of the selected individuals. A range of weights on group coancestry was applied during selection to vary parent contributions and thereby adjust the balance between gain and diversity. This resulted in a series of scenarios with low to high effective population sizes measured by status effective number. Production populations (PP) were selected only for gain, as a subset of the BP. PAM improved gain in the PP substantially, by increasing the additive variance (i.e. the gain potential) of the BP. This effect was more pronounced under restricted selection when parent contributions to the next generation were more balanced with within-family selection as the extreme, i.e. when a higher status effective number was maintained in the BP. In that case, the additional gain over the BP mean for the clone PP and seed PPs was 32 and 84% higher, respectively, for PAM than for RAM in generation 5. PAM did not reduce gene diversity of the BP but increased inbreeding, and in that way caused a departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The effect of inbreeding was eliminated by recombination during the production of seed orchard progeny. Also, for a given level of inbreeding in the seed orchard progeny or in a mixture of genotypes selected for clonal deployment, gain was higher for PAM than for RAM. After including inbreeding depression in the simulation, inbreeding was counteracted by selection, and the enhancement of PAM on production population gain was slightly reduced. In the presence of inbreeding depression the greatest PP gain was achieved at still higher levels of status effective number, i.e. when more gene diversity was conserved in the BP. Thus, the combination of precise selection and PAM resulted in close to maximal short-term PP gain, while conserving maximal gene diversity in the BP.}, number={4}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Genetics}, author={Rosvall, O. and Mullin, T. J.}, year={2003}, pages={629–642} }
 @inproceedings{cumbie_li_goldfarb_mullin_mckeand_2001, title={Genetic parameters and uniformity of wood properties of full-sib families and clones of loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Cumbie, W. P. and Li, B. and Goldfarb, B. and Mullin, T. and McKeand, S.}, year={2001}, pages={104–106} }
 @article{kang_lindgren_mullin_2001, title={Prediction of genetic gain and gene diversity in seed orchard crops under alternative management strategies}, volume={103}, ISSN={["0040-5752"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001220100700}, number={6-7}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Kang, KS and Lindgren, D and Mullin, TJ}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={1099–1107} }