@article{koch_smith_2008, title={Spatio-temporal analysis of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera : Circulionidae : Scolytinae) invasion in eastern US forests}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[442:SAOXGC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The non-native redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), has recently emerged as a significant pest of southeastern U.S. coastal forests. Specifically, a fungal symbiont (Raffaelea sp.) of X. glabratus has caused mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) trees in the region; several other Lauraceae species also seem susceptible. Although the range of X. glabratus continues to expand rapidly, little is known about the species’ biology and behavior. In turn, there has been no broad-scale assessment of the threat it poses to eastern U.S. forests. To provide a basic information framework, we performed analyses exploiting relevant spatio-temporal data available for X. glabratus. First, we mapped the densities of redbay and sassafras from forest inventory data. Second, we used climate matching to delineate potential geographic limits for X. glabratus. Third, we used county infestation data to estimate the rate of spread and modeled spread through time, incorporating host density as a weighting factor. Our results suggest that (1) key areas with high concentrations of redbay have yet to be invaded, but some are immediately threatened; (2) climatic conditions may serve to constrain X. glabratus to the southeastern U.S. coastal region; and (3) if unchecked, X. glabratus may spread throughout the range of redbay in <40 yr. Disruption of anthropogenic, long-distance dispersal could reduce the likelihood of this outcome.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Koch, F. H. and Smith, W. D.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={442–452} }
 @article{coulston_ambrose_riiters_conkling_smith_2005, title={Forest health monitoring: 2003 National Technical Report}, journal={Forest health monitoring : 2003 national technical report}, publisher={Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Coulston, J. W. and Ambrose, M. J. and Riiters, K. H. and Conkling, B. L. and Smith, W. D.}, year={2005} }
 @article{coulston_reams_mcroberts_smith_2005, title={Practical considerations when using perturbed Forest Inventory plot locations to develop spatial models: A case study}, journal={Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium}, publisher={Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}, author={Coulston, J. W. and Reams, G. A. and McRoberts, R. E. and Smith, W. D.}, year={2005} }
 @article{burke_troxler_askew_wilcut_smith_2005, title={Weed management systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-182R1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton in 1995 and 1997. Herbicide systems evaluated included various combinations of soil-applied (trifluralin and fluometuron) and postemergence (POST) (glyphosate or pyrithiobac) herbicides with or without late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatments of cyanazine plus MSMA. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was less than 5% with all herbicide treatments. Glyphosate POST systems were as efficacious in weed control as other herbicide systems. Depending on location, glyphosate and pyrithiobac POST systems usually required cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY for season-long control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and Texas panicum. Glyphosate POST applied as needed provided weed control equivalent to soil-applied plus POST herbicides, although lint yield was slightly reduced depending on location. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied herbicides required one to two treatments of glyphosate POST and post-directed for season-long weed control and high cotton lint yields, whereas the same herbicide systems without soil-applied herbicides required two to three glyphosate treatments. In all herbicide systems, a residual soil-applied or LAYBY herbicide treatment increased yield compared with glyphosate POST only systems. Location influenced weed control and cotton yield. Generally, as herbicide inputs increased, yield increased.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Troxler, SC and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW and Smith, WD}, year={2005}, pages={422–429} }
 @article{burke_thomas_pline-srnic_fisher_smith_wilcut_2005, title={Yield and physiological response of flue-cured tobacco to simulated glyphosate drift}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-219R}, abstractNote={Field trials were conducted in 2001 at the Tobacco Research Station near Oxford, NC, and in 2002 at the Lower Coastal Plains Research Station near Kinston, NC, to determine tobacco yield, injury, and shikimic acid accumulation in response to simulated glyphosate drift. Glyphosate was applied to 12- to 13-cm-high tobacco ‘K326’ early postemergence at 0, 9, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1,120 (1×) g ai/ha. Crop injury was rated 7 and 35 d after treatment (DAT) and shikimic acid accumulation in leaves at 7 DAT, tobacco yield, and leaf grade index (whole-plant index of harvest interval leaf value) were also assessed. Shikimic acid accumulation and injury symptoms increased similarly as glyphosate rate increased. Glyphosate rates of 140 g/ha (0.125 of recommended rate) or higher resulted in significant crop injury, reduced tobacco yield, and decreased leaf grade index. Shikimic acid accumulation at 7 DAT was inversely related to tobacco yield. Shikimic acid accumulation was found to be an effective diagnostic tool to determine glyphosate drift in tobacco; however, in-season data are needed to correlate shikimic acid accumulation with yield loss.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Thomas, WE and Pline-Srnic, WA and Fisher, LR and Smith, WD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={255–260} }
 @article{coulston_smith_smith_2003, title={Regional assessment of ozone sensitive tree species using bioindicator plants}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1022578506736}, abstractNote={Tropospheric ozone occurs at phytotoxic levels in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. Quantifying possible regional-scale impacts of ambient ozone on forest tree species is difficult and is confounded by other factors, such as moisture and light, which influence the uptake of ozone by plants. Biomonitoring provides an approach to document direct foliar injury irrespective of direct measure of ozone uptake. We used bioindicator and field plot data from the USDA Forest Service to identify tree species likely to exhibit regional-scale ozone impacts. Approximately 24% of sampled sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), 15% of sampled loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and 12% of sampled black cherry (Prunus serotina) trees were in the highest risk category. Sweetgum and loblolly pine trees were at risk on the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia and Delaware. Black cherry trees were at risk on the Allegheny Plateau (Pennsylvania), in the Allegheny Mountains (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland) as well as coastal plain areas of Maryland and Virginia. Our findings indicate a need for more in-depth study of actual impacts on growth and reproduction of these three species.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Coulston, JW and Smith, GC and Smith, WD}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={113–127} }