@article{everman_clewis_york_wilcut_2009, title={Weed Control and Yield with Flumioxazin, Fomesafen, and S-Metolachlor Systems for Glufosinate-Resistant Cotton Residual Weed Management}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-09-007.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted near Clayton, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC in 2005 to evaluate weed control and cotton response to preemergence treatments of pendimethalin alone or in a tank mixture with fomesafen, postemergence treatments of glufosinate applied alone or in a tank mixture withS-metolachlor, and POST-directed treatments of glufosinate in a tank mixture with flumioxazin or prometryn. Excellent weed control (> 91%) was observed where at least two applications were made in addition to glufosinate early postemergence (EPOST). A reduction in control of common lambsquarters (8%), goosegrass (20%), large crabgrass (18%), Palmer amaranth (13%), and pitted morningglory (9%) was observed when residual herbicides were not included in PRE or mid-POST programs. No differences in weed control or cotton lint yield were observed between POST-directed applications of glufosinate with flumioxazin compared to prometryn. Weed control programs containing three or more herbicide applications resulted in similar cotton lint yields at Clayton and Lewiston, and Rocky Mount showed the greatest variability with up to 590 kg/ha greater lint yield where fomesafen was included PRE compared to pendimethalin applied alone. Similarly, an increase in cotton lint yields of up to 200 kg/ha was observed whereS-metolachlor was included mid-POST when compared to glufosinate applied alone, showing the importance of residual herbicides to help maintain optimal yields. Including additional modes of action with residual activity preemergence and postemergence provides a longer period of weed control, which helps maintain cotton lint yields.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Clewis, Scott B. and York, Alan C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2009}, pages={391–397} }
 @article{ducar_clewis_wilcut_jordan_brecke_grichar_johnson_wehtje_2009, title={Weed Management Using Reduced Rate Combinations of Diclosulam, Flumioxazin, and Imazapic in Peanut}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-180.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted during 2000 and 2001 at a total of 13 locations throughout Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and Texas to evaluate efficacy of herbicides at or below the manufacturer's suggested use rate. Herbicide applications included diclosulam and flumioxazin applied PRE alone or followed by imazapic applied early postemergence (EPOST). All possible combinations of diclosulam at 0, 13.5, or 27 g ai/ha and flumioxazin at 0, 53, or 105 g ai/ha applied PRE were included. Imazapic was applied at 35 g ai/ha. Ivyleaf morningglory was controlled more than 87% when imazapic was applied EPOST regardless of PRE herbicide. Pitted morningglory control > 67% was observed with applications of diclosulam (27 g/ha) followed by imazapic, diclosulam (13.5 g/ha) plus flumioxazin (53 g/ha), diclosulam (13.5 g/ha) plus flumioxazin (105 g/ha), and diclosulam (27 g/ha) plus flumioxazin (105 g/ha). Sicklepod was controlled more than 74% with flumioxazin (53 g/ha) followed by imazapic and diclosulam (27 g/ha) plus flumioxazin (105 g/ha) followed by imazapic. Florida beggarweed was controlled more than 84% by all PRE herbicide combinations except flumioxazin (53 g/ha) alone or diclosulam (27 g/ha) alone or with imazapic. Yellow nutsedge was controlled at least 90% with diclosulam at either rate followed by imazapic and by diclosulam plus flumioxazin followed by imazapic regardless of rate. Pod yield was generally higher when herbicides were applied regardless of herbicide combination or rate. Peanut yield was maximized with the lowest rates of flumioxazin or diclosulam PRE followed by imazapic EPOST.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Ducar, J. Tredaway and Clewis, S. B. and Wilcut, J. W. and Jordan, D. L. and Brecke, B. J. and Grichar, W. J. and Johnson, W. C., III and Wehtje, G. R.}, year={2009}, pages={236–242} }
 @article{everman_burke_clewis_thomas_wilcut_2008, title={Critical period of grass vs. broadleaf weed interference in peanut}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-07-037.1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of grass and broadleaf weeds on peanut growth and peanut yield. In separate studies, grass or broadleaf weeds were allowed to compete with peanut for various intervals to determine both the critical timing of weed removal and the critical weed-free period. Hand-weeding and selective herbicides were used at appropriate times to remove and terminate weed growth. These periods were then used to determine the critical period of weed control. The effects of various weedy intervals on peanut yield were also investigated. The critical period of grass weed control was found to be from 4.3 to 9 wk after planting (WAP), whereas the critical period of broadleaf weed control was from 2.6 to 8 WAP. Peanut yields decreased as weed interference intervals for both grass and broadleaf weeds increased, demonstrating the need for control of both grass and broadleaf weeds throughout much of the growing season. Nomenclature: Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Burke, Ian C. and Clewis, Scott B. and Thomas, Walter E. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2008}, pages={68–73} }
 @article{everman_clewis_thomas_burke_wilcut_2008, title={Critical period of weed interference in peanut}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-07-052.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted near Lewiston–Woodville and Rocky Mount, NC to evaluate the effects of mixed weed species on peanut yield. A combination of broadleaf and grass weeds were allowed to interfere with peanut for various intervals to determine both the critical timing of weed removal and the critical weed-free period. These periods were then combined to determine the critical period of weed control in peanut. The effects of various weedy intervals on peanut yield were also investigated. The predicted critical period of weed control, in the presence of a mixed population of weeds, was found to be from 3 to 8 wk after planting (WAP). Peanut yield decreased as weed interference intervals increased, demonstrating the need for weed control throughout much of the growing season in the presence of mixed weed populations. Nomenclature: Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Clewis, Scott B. and Thomas, Walter E. and Burke, Ian C. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2008}, pages={63–67} }
 @article{clewis_thomas_everman_witcut_2008, title={Glufosinate-resistant corn interference in glufosinate-resistant cotton}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-085.1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 2004 to evaluate density-dependent effects of glufosinate-resistant (GUR) corn on GUR cotton growth and lint yield. GUR corn was taller than GUR cotton as early as 11 d after planting, depending on location. A GUR corn density of 5.25 plant/m of crop row reduced late-season cotton height by 38, 43, and 43% at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, NC, respectively, compared with weed-free cotton height. GUR corn dry biomass per meter of crop row and GUR corn seed biomass per meter of crop row decreased linearly with increasing GUR corn density at all locations. The relationship between GUR corn density and GUR cotton yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 7, 5, and 6 at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, respectively. Percentage of GUR cotton lint yield loss increased 4, 5, and 8 percentage points at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, respectively, with each 500 g increase in weed biomass/m of crop row. The examined GUR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield but not as significant as many other problematic grass and broadleaf weeds. Nomenclature: Glufosinate, corn, Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 34A55LL’ ZEAMX, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., ‘FM 958LL’}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, Scott B. and Thomas, Walter E. and Everman, Wesley J. and Witcut, John W.}, year={2008}, pages={211–216} }
 @article{clewis_miller_koger_baughman_price_porterfield_wilcut_2008, title={Weed management and crop response with glyphosate, s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, prometryn, and MSMA in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-07-082.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in five states at six locations from 2002 through 2003 to evaluate weed control and cotton response to early POST (EPOST), POST/POST-directed spray (PDS), and late POST-directed (LAYBY) systems using glyphosate-trimethylsulfonium salt (TM), s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, prometryn, and MSMA. Early POST applications were made from mid May through mid June; POST/PDS applications were made from early June through mid July; and LAYBY applications were made from early July through mid August. Early season cotton injury and discoloration was minimal (< 1%) with all treatments; mid- and late-season injury was minimal (< 2%) except for trifloxysulfuron POST (11 and 9%, respectively). Annual grasses evaluated included barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, and large crabgrass. Broadleaf weeds evaluated included entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed. For the EPOST, POST/PDS, and LAYBY applications, weeds were at cotyledon to 10 leaf, 1 to 25 leaf, and 2 to 25 leaf stage, respectively. Annual broadleaf and grass control was increased with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST systems (85 to 98% control) compared with glyphosate-TM EPOST alone (65 to 91% control), except for sicklepod control where equivalent control was observed. Annual grass control was greater with glyphosate-TM plus trifloxysulfuron PDS than with trifloxysulfuron POST or PDS, or trifloxysulfuron plus MSMA PDS (90 to 94% vs. 75 to 83% control). With few exceptions, broadleaf weed control was equivalent for trifloxysulfuron applied POST alone or PDS alone or in combination with glyphosate-TM PDS or MSMA PDS herbicide treatments (81 to 99% control). The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased broadleaf weed control by 11 to 36 percentage points compared with systems without a LAYBY. Cotton lint yield increased 420 kg/ha with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST treatments compared with systems without s-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 330 to 910 kg/ha with the addition of a POST herbicide treatment compared with systems without a POST/PDS treatment. The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased cotton lint yield by 440 kg/ha compared with systems without a LAYBY. Nomenclature: Glyphosate-TM, MSMA, prometryn, s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG, broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash. BRAPP, entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray. IPOHG, goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN, arge crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA, pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA, sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L. CASOB, smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DP 458 RR/BG’, ‘DP 555 RR/BG’, ‘FM 989 RR/BG’, ‘PM 2344 RR/BG’, ‘ST 4793 RR’}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, Scott B. and Miller, D. K. and Koger, C. H. and Baughman, T. A. and Price, A. J. and Porterfield, D. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2008}, pages={160–167} }
 @article{clewis_wilcut_2007, title={Economic assessment of weed management in strip- and conventional-tillage nontransgenic and transgenic cotton}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-014.1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate weed management systems in nontransgenic, bromoxynil-resistant, and glyphosate-resistant cotton in strip- and conventional-tillage environments. Tillage did not affect weed control, cotton lint yields, or net returns. Early season stunting in strip-tillage cotton was 5% or less, regardless of herbicide system or cultivar and was transient. Excellent (> 90%) control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, andIpomoeaspecies, including entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted and tall morningglories, jimsonweed, prickly sida, and velvetleaf, was achieved with systems containing bromoxynil, glyphosate, and pyrithiobac early postemergence (EPOST). Glyphosate systems provided better and more consistent control of fall panicum and large crabgrass than bromoxynil and pyrithiobac systems. Bromoxynil and pyrithiobac EPOST did not control sicklepod unless applied in mixture with MSMA and followed by (fb) a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Palmer amaranth was controlled (> 90%) with all glyphosate and pyrithiobac systems and with the bromoxynil system that included a broadcast soil-applied herbicide treatment. Bromoxynil systems without a broadcast soil-applied herbicide treatment controlled Palmer amaranth 87% or less. Herbicide systems that included glyphosate EPOST controlled sicklepod with or without a soil-applied herbicide treatment. The highest yielding cotton included all the glyphosate systems and bromoxynil systems that contained a soil-applied herbicide treatment. Nontransgenic systems that included a soil-applied herbicide treatment yielded less than a system with soil-applied treatment plus glyphosate EPOST. Net returns from glyphosate systems were generally higher than net returns from bromoxynil or pyrithiobac systems.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, Scott B. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={45–52} }
 @article{thomas_everman_clewis_wilcut_2007, title={Glyphosate-resistant corn interference in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-007.1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 2004 to evaluate density-dependent effects of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn on GR cotton growth and lint yield. GR corn was taller than GR cotton as early as 25 d after planting, depending on location. A GR corn density of 5.25 plant/m of crop row reduced late season cotton height by 49, 24, and 28% at Clayton, Lewiston–Woodville, and Rocky Mount, respectively, compared to weed-free cotton height. At Clayton, GR corn dry biomass per m crop row and GR corn seed biomass per m of crop row decreased linearly with increasing corn density. The relationship between GR corn and GR cotton yield loss was described by the rectangular hyperbola model with the asymptote (a) constrained to 100% maximum yield loss. The estimated coefficient i (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 9, 5, and 5 at Clayton, Lewiston–Woodville, and Rocky Mount, respectively. The examined GR corn densities had a significant effect on cotton yield, but not as significant as many other problematic grass and broadleaf weeds. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; corn, Zea mays L., ZEAMX, ‘DKC 69-71RR’; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘FM 989RR’, ‘ST 4892RR’.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, Walter E. and Everman, Wesley J. and Clewis, Scott B. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={372–377} }
 @article{clewis_jordan_spears_wilcut_2007, title={Influence of environmental factors on cutleaf eveningprimrose (Oenothera laciniata) germination, emergence, development, vegetative growth, and control}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-06-089}, abstractNote={Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, solution pH, water stress, and planting depth on cutleaf eveningprimrose germination and emergence. Field studies were conducted to measure growth parameters of cutleaf eveningprimrose throughout the fall season. When treated with constant temperature, cutleaf eveningprimrose germinated over a range of 15 to 32 C, with the optimum germination occurring at 24 C. Onset, rate, and total germination were greatest in an alternating 20/35 C temperature regime. Germination decreased as solution pH increased, with greatest germination occurring at solution pH of 4. Germination decreased when cutleaf eveningprimrose seed was subjected to increased water stress. Emergence was optimum when seed were buried at depths of 0.5 cm. Germination decreased with increasing burial depth, and no seed emerged from a depth of 10 cm. Cutleaf eveningprimrose control was maximized when 2,4-D was applied in mixture with glyphosate or paraquat. These data suggest that cutleaf eveningprimrose can germinate and gain biomass from early March to late October. These attributes could contribute to poor control before cotton planting if preplant control applications are delayed after early March. Nomenclature: Cutleaf eveningprimrose, Oenothera laciniata Hill OEOLA, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Clewis, S. B. and Jordan, D. L. and Spears, J. F. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2007}, pages={264–272} }
 @article{clewis_everman_jordan_wilcut_2007, title={Weed management in north Carolina peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with s-metolachlor, diclosulam, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone systems}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-139.1}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount and at the Peanut Belt Research Station near Lewiston-Woodville in 2002 and 2003. Peanut injury was minimal (< 5%) with all soil-applied programs. S-Metolachlor PRE alone or in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin controlled annual grasses similarly (66 to 87%). The addition of imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST increased annual grass control (> 93%). Sulfentrazone or diclosulam in mixture with S-metolachlor were the best PRE options, with 94% and 92% control of yellow and purple nutsedge, respectively, with flumioxazin being least effective at 70%. Diclosulam and flumioxazin in mixture with S-metolachlor were the best PRE options, with 99% and 93%, respectively for common ragweed control, whereas sulfentrazone was the least effective at 65%. S-Metolachlor in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin PRE were similar (87 to 90%) for common lambsquarters control. S-Metolachlor in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin provided similar levels of entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory control (87, 86, and 87%, respectively) and better than S-metolachlor alone at 64%. Flumioxazin in mixture with S-metolachlor was the best PRE option for control of Palmer amaranth at 96%, whereas diclosulam with S-metolachlor was the best PRE option for control of eclipta at 100%. The prepackaged mixture of acifluorfen and bentazon plus 2,4-DB POST and imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST were similar for all morningglory species (> 96%) and Palmer amaranth control (93 and 97%, respectively). Peanut treated with S-metolachlor plus diclosulam PRE numerically yielded the highest at 3,210 kg/ha, but were statistically equivalent to S-metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at 3,040 kg/ha. Peanut treated with imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST yielded the most at 3,400 kg/ha, while peanut treated with a prepackaged mixture of acifluorfen and bentazon plus 2,4-DB POST yielded less (3,070 kg/ha). Nomenclature: 2,4-DB, acifluorfen, bentazon, diclosulam, flumioxazin, imazapic, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL, common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL, eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. ECLAL, entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG, ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE, Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA, pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA, purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO, tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth PHBPU, yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES, peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., ‘NCV-11’, ‘VA-98R’}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, Scott B. and Everman, Wesley J. and Jordan, David L. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={629–635} }
 @article{thomas_britton_clewis_askew_wilcut_2006, title={Glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) response and weed management with trifloxysulfuron, glyphosate, prometryn, and MSMA}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-04-257R1.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted at three locations to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton response, weed control, and cotton lint yields to two formulations of glyphosate (diammonium salt– glyphosate and isopropylamine salt–glyphosate) and trifloxysulfuron applied early postemergence (EPOST) alone or to tank mixtures of trifloxysulfuron with each glyphosate formulation, with and without a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA. Trifloxysulfuron and both formulations of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters and pitted morningglory. Both glyphosate formulations provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed. Trifloxysulfuron controlled smooth pigweed better than either glyphosate formulation but did not control goosegrass or prickly sida. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved late-season control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory for all EPOST systems and improved late-season smooth pigweed control for EPOST systems that did not include trifloxysulfuron. Cotton injury was 2% or less from both glyphosate formulations, while trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Deltapine 5415RR’ 7 to 16% at two locations. At a third location, trifloxysulfuron injured ‘Paymaster 1218RR/BG’ 24%, and when applied in mixture with either glyphosate formulation, injury increased to at least 72%. Cotton injury was transient at the first two locations and was not visually apparent 3 to 5 wk later. Cotton yield at the third location was reduced. High cotton yields reflected high levels of weed control.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, WE and Britton, TT and Clewis, SB and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2006}, pages={6–13} }
 @article{everman_clewis_taylor_wilcut_2006, title={Influence of diclosulam postemergence application timing on weed control and peanut tolerance}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-05-087R1.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted at Lewiston–Woodville and Rocky Mount, NC in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate weed control and peanut response to POST treatments of diclosulam at various rates and application timings. Diclosulam controlled common ragweed and entireleaf morningglory when applied within 35 d after planting (DAP). Common ragweed 61 cm tall was controlled ≥92% with 4 to 13 g ai/ha diclosulam and larger common ragweed (107 to 137 cm tall) were controlled ≥97% with 27 g/ha diclosulam. Common lambsquarters was controlled 62% or less with all diclosulam POST treatments following metolachlor applied PRE, which provided 48% control. Peanut injury was less than 15% with all diclosulam POST treatments and was transitory. In separate studies, POST diclosulam treatments did not affect peanut yield in a weed-free environment. Peanut yield in weedy environments was reduced as the diclosulam application timing was delayed because of early season weed interference. A linear relationship was observed between yield and application timing with yield decreasing as application timing was delayed. This yield response documents the importance of early season weed management for maximizing peanut yield potential. Virginia peanut varieties were not affected by different POST rates of diclosulam; however, early season peanut injury showed a linear and quadratic relationship with diclosulam rate and was less than 14% at rates as high as 71 g/ha, and was not apparent by late season.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Everman, Wesley J. and Clewis, Scott B. and Taylor, Zachary G. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2006}, pages={651–657} }
 @article{clewis_wilcut_porterfield_2006, title={Weed management with S-metolachlor and glyphosate mixtures in glyphosate-resistant strip- and conventional-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-05-030R.1}, abstractNote={Five studies were conducted at Clayton, Rocky Mount, and Lewiston-Woodville, NC, in 2001 and 2002, to evaluate weed management, crop tolerance, and yield in strip- and conventional-tillage glyphosate-resistant cotton. Cotton was treated with two glyphosate formulations; glyphosate-IP (isopropylamine salt) or glyphosate-TM (trimethylsulfonium salt), early postemergence (EPOST) alone or in a mixture withS-metolachlor. Early season cotton injury was minimal (3%) with either glyphosate formulation alone or in mixture withS-metolachlor. Weed control and cotton yields were similar for both glyphosate formulations. The addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and yellow foxtail 14 to 43 percentage points compared with control by glyphosate alone.S-metolachlor was not beneficial for late-season control of entireleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, pitted morningglory, or yellow nutsedge. The addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation increased control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf 6 to 46 percentage points. The addition of a late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA increased control to greater than 95% for all weed species regardless of EPOST treatment, and control was similar with or withoutS-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 220 kg/ha with the addition ofS-metolachlor to either glyphosate formulation compared with yield from glyphosate alone. The addition of the LAYBY treatment increased yields 250 and 380 kg/ha for glyphosate plusS-metolachlor and glyphosate systems, respectively.S-metolachlor residual activity allowed for an extended window for more effective LAYBY application to smaller weed seedlings instead of weeds that were possibly larger and harder to control.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, SB and Wilcut, JW and Porterfield, D}, year={2006}, pages={232–241} }
 @article{porterfield_wilcut_wells_clewis_2003, title={Weed management with CGA-362622 in transgenic and nontransgenic cotton}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/P2002-014}, abstractNote={Field studies conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 evaluated crop tolerance, weed control, and yield with CGA-362622 alone and in combination with various weed management systems in transgenic and nontransgenic cotton systems. The herbicide systems used bromoxynil, CGA-362622, glyphosate, and pyrithiobac applied alone early postemergence (EPOST) or mixtures of CGA-362622 plus bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac applied EPOST. Trifluralin preplant incorporated followed by (fb) fluometuron preemergence (PRE) alone or fb a late POST–directed (LAYBY) treatment of prometryn plus MSMA controlled all the weed species present less than 90%. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied and LAYBY herbicides plus glyphosate EPOST or mixtures of CGA-362622 EPOST plus bromoxynil, glyphosate, or pyrithiobac controlled broadleaf signalgrass, entireleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed at least 90%. Only cotton treated with these herbicide systems yielded equivalent to the weed-free check for each cultivar. Bromoxynil systems did not control Palmer amaranth and sicklepod, pyrithiobac systems did not control sicklepod, and CGA-362622 systems did not control prickly sida.}, number={6}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Porterfield, D and Wilcut, JW and Wells, JW and Clewis, SB}, year={2003}, pages={1002–1009} }
 @article{clewis_shawn_wilcut_2002, title={Economic assessment of diclosulam and flumioxazin in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0378:EAODAF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Experiments were conducted in Lewiston, NC, in 1999 and 2000 and Rocky Mount, NC, in 1999 to evaluate weed management systems in strip- and conventional-tillage peanut. The peanut cultivars grown were ‘NC 10C’, ‘NC 12C’, and ‘NC 7’, respectively. Weed management systems consisted of different combinations of preemergence (PRE) herbicides including diclosulam and flumioxazin plus commercial postemergence (POST) herbicide systems. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE controlled common lambsquarters, eclipta, and prickly sida at least 91%. Diclosulam and flumioxazin provided variable control of three Ipomoea species (59 to 91%) and bentazon plus acifluorfen POST provided > 90% control. Only diclosulam systems controlled yellow nutsedge 90% late season. Annual grass control required clethodim late POST, regardless of tillage system. Dimethenamid plus diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE produced equivalent yields and net returns with no significant differences between the two PRE options. Both systems produced higher yields and net returns than dimethenamid regardless of the POST herbicide option. The tillage production system did not influence weed control of eight weeds, peanut yields, or net returns. The addition of diclosulam or flumioxazin to dimethenamid PRE improved weed control compared with dimethenamid PRE alone. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; clethodim; diclosulam; dimethenamid; flumioxazin; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. ECLAL; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; peanut, ‘NC-7’, ‘NC-10’, ‘NC-12’, Arachis hypogaea L.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Clewis, SB and Shawn, A and Wilcut, J}, year={2002}, pages={378–385} }
 @article{porterfield_wilcut_clewis_edmisten_2002, title={Weed-free yield response of seven cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to CGA-362622 postemergence}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0180:WFYROS]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the response of seven cotton cultivars to CGA-362622 applied postemergence at 7.5 and 15 g ai/ha to three- to five-leaf cotton. The cultivars evaluated included Deltapine 51, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, Paymaster 1220 RR, Paymaster 1220 BG/RR, Stoneville bromoxynil-resistant 47, Stoneville 474, and Sure-Grow 125. At 1 to 2 wk after treatment (WAT), CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha injured all cotton cultivars 7 to 9% and 13 to 15%, respectively. Cotton injury symptoms included chlorosis and minor stunting. At 3 to 4 WAT, injury from CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha was 2 to 6% and 7 to 9%, respectively. Except for Paymaster 1220 RR, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, and Stoneville 474, all cotton cultivars were injured more by the higher rate than by the lower rate of CGA-362622. Injury was not visibly apparent 6 to 8 WAT. CGA-362622 at either rate had no effect on cotton lint yield. Nomenclature: CGA-362622 (proposed common name trifloxysulfuron), N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Deltapine NuCotn 33B’, ‘Paymaster 1220 RR’, ‘Paymaster 1220 BG/RR’, ‘Stoneville BXN 47’, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Sure-Grow 125’. Additional index words: Crop injury, crop yield. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; BXN, bromoxynil-resistant; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Porterfield, D and Wilcut, JW and Clewis, SB and Edmisten, KL}, year={2002}, pages={180–183} }
 @article{clewis_askew_wilcut_2001, title={Common ragweed interference in peanut}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0768:CRIIP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate density-dependent effects of common ragweed on weed growth and peanut growth and yield. Common ragweed height was not affected by weed density and peanut canopy diameter. Weed height exceeded peanut height throughout the growing season, indicating that competition for light occurred between the two species. Common ragweed aboveground dry biomass per plant decreased as weed density increased, but total weed dry biomass per meter of crop row increased with weed density. The rectangular hyperbola model described the effect of weed density on percent peanut yield loss. With the asymptote constrained to 100% maximum yield loss, the I coefficient (yield loss per unit density as density approaches zero) was 68.3 ± 12.2%. Common ragweed did not influence the occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), and Cylindrocladium black rot (Cylindrocladium crotalariae). However, as common ragweed density increased, the incidence of late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) increased. Results indicate that common ragweed is one of the more competitive weeds in peanut and a potential economic threat to peanut growers. Nomenclature: Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 7’.}, number={6}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Clewis, SB and Askew, SD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2001}, pages={768–772} }