@article{reberg-horton_grossman_kornecki_meijer_price_place_webster_2012, title={Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170511000469}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Grossman, Julie M. and Kornecki, Ted S. and Meijer, Alan D. and Price, Andrew J. and Place, George T. and Webster, Theodore M.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={41–48} }
 @article{price_koger_wilcut_miller_santen_2008, title={Efficacy of residual and non-residual herbicides used in cotton production systems when applied with glyphosate, glufosinate, or MSMA}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-083.1}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted to evaluate weed control provided by glyphosate, glufosinate, and MSMA applied alone or in mixture with residual and nonresidual last application (LAYBY) herbicides. Herbicide treatments included glyphosate early postemergence (EPOST) alone or followed by glyphosate, glufosinate, or MSMA late-postemergence (LPOST) alone or tank-mixed with one of the following LAYBY herbicides: carfentrazone-ethyl at 0.3 kg ai/ha, diuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha, flumioxazin at 0.07 kg ai/ha, fluometuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha, lactofen at 0.84 kg ai/ha, linuron at 0.56 kg ai/ha, oxyfluorfen at 1.12 kg ai/ha, prometryn at 1.12 kg ai/ha, or prometryn + trifloxysulfuron at 1.12 kg ai/ha + 10 g ai/ha. Residual herbicides were also applied alone LPOST. Weeds evaluated included barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, coffee senna, entireleaf morningglory, hemp sesbania, ivyleaf morningglory, johnsongrass, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, spiny amaranth, and velvetleaf. Treatments containing MSMA provided lower average weed control compared to those containing glyphosate or glufosinate, and residual herbicides applied alone provided inadequate weed control compared to mixtures containing a nonresidual herbicide. Across 315 of 567 comparisons (55%), when a LAYBY herbicide was added, weed control increased. The most difficult to control weed species at all locations was pitted morningglory. Barnyardgrass and hemp sesbania at the Mississippi location and hemp sesbania at the Louisiana location were collectively difficult to control across all treatments as well.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Price, Andrew J. and Koger, Clifford H. and Wilcut, John W. and Miller, Donnie and Santen, Edzard}, year={2008}, pages={459–466} }
 @article{clewis_miller_koger_baughman_price_porterfield_wilcut_2008, title={Weed management and crop response with glyphosate, s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, prometryn, and MSMA in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-07-082.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in five states at six locations from 2002 through 2003 to evaluate weed control and cotton response to early POST (EPOST), POST/POST-directed spray (PDS), and late POST-directed (LAYBY) systems using glyphosate-trimethylsulfonium salt (TM), s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, prometryn, and MSMA. Early POST applications were made from mid May through mid June; POST/PDS applications were made from early June through mid July; and LAYBY applications were made from early July through mid August. Early season cotton injury and discoloration was minimal (< 1%) with all treatments; mid- and late-season injury was minimal (< 2%) except for trifloxysulfuron POST (11 and 9%, respectively). Annual grasses evaluated included barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, and large crabgrass. Broadleaf weeds evaluated included entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed. For the EPOST, POST/PDS, and LAYBY applications, weeds were at cotyledon to 10 leaf, 1 to 25 leaf, and 2 to 25 leaf stage, respectively. Annual broadleaf and grass control was increased with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST systems (85 to 98% control) compared with glyphosate-TM EPOST alone (65 to 91% control), except for sicklepod control where equivalent control was observed. Annual grass control was greater with glyphosate-TM plus trifloxysulfuron PDS than with trifloxysulfuron POST or PDS, or trifloxysulfuron plus MSMA PDS (90 to 94% vs. 75 to 83% control). With few exceptions, broadleaf weed control was equivalent for trifloxysulfuron applied POST alone or PDS alone or in combination with glyphosate-TM PDS or MSMA PDS herbicide treatments (81 to 99% control). The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased broadleaf weed control by 11 to 36 percentage points compared with systems without a LAYBY. Cotton lint yield increased 420 kg/ha with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST treatments compared with systems without s-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 330 to 910 kg/ha with the addition of a POST herbicide treatment compared with systems without a POST/PDS treatment. The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased cotton lint yield by 440 kg/ha compared with systems without a LAYBY. Nomenclature: Glyphosate-TM, MSMA, prometryn, s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG, broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash. BRAPP, entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray. IPOHG, goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN, arge crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA, pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA, sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L. CASOB, smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DP 458 RR/BG’, ‘DP 555 RR/BG’, ‘FM 989 RR/BG’, ‘PM 2344 RR/BG’, ‘ST 4793 RR’}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Clewis, Scott B. and Miller, D. K. and Koger, C. H. and Baughman, T. A. and Price, A. J. and Porterfield, D. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2008}, pages={160–167} }
 @article{koger_price_faircloth_wilcut_nichols_2007, title={Effect of residual herbicides used in the last POST-Directed application on weed control and cotton yield in glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant cotton}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-026.1}, number={2}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Koger, C. H. and Price, A. J. and Faircloth, J. C. and Wilcut, J. W. and Nichols, S. P.}, year={2007}, pages={378–383} }
 @article{price_wilcut_2007, title={Response of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) to neighboring plants and objects}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-146.1}, abstractNote={Field observations of morningglory (Ipomoeaspp.) showed that many plants grew out from places of comparable competitive advantage (alleys in field experiments with little or no vegetation) into neighboring plants or structures that provided climbing support. Of 223 native morningglory plants growing in rows and row middles in a 121-m2area within established corn research plots that contained no other weeds, 68% of the mature plants climbed up corn. More significant, of the 152 climbing morningglory plants, 96% grew toward and climbed the row in its closest proximity instead of growing across the row middle. Greenhouse and field experiments were initiated to determine whether morningglory grew preferentially toward certain colored structures or corn plants. Greenhouse-grown ivyleaf morningglory displayed varying frequency in locating and climbing toward black (17%), blue (58%), red (58%), white (67%), green (75%), and yellow (75%) stakes or corn (92%). Pots containing black stakes had the fewest climbing morningglory plants. In the field study, fewer ivyleaf morningglories climbed black structures compared with white- or green-colored structures or corn. The morningglory initial planting distance from colored structures or corn was also significant in the percentage of ivyleaf morningglories that exhibited climbing growth and in its final weight; morningglories that successfully located and climbed structures or corn weighed more and produced more seed than morningglories that remained on the ground. Ivyleaf morningglory appears to respond to spatial distribution of surrounding objects and possibly uses reflectance to preferentially project its stems toward a likely prospective structure for climbing.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Price, Andrew J. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={922–927} }
 @article{fisher_burke_price_smith_wilcut_2006, title={Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root absorbed sulfentrazone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone in flue-cured tobacco transplants}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-05-182.1}, abstractNote={Research was conducted to evaluate root uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-sulfentrazone alone or in a mixture with clomazone in solution in flue-cured tobacco transplants. Uptake and translocation of sulfentrazone was rapid and was not affected by the addition of clomazone. Fifty-nine and 65% of the14C absorbed by the plant was translocated to the leaves within 24 h with sulfentrazone alone and in the clomazone plus sulfentrazone mixture, respectively. Differences in plant metabolism were observed between sulfentrazone alone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone. After 3 h, 66% of the14C recovered from the leaves was metabolized when sulfentrazone was applied alone, compared to 91% when sulfentrazone was applied with clomazone. The difference could indicate that metabolism of sulfentrazone by tobacco transplants was enhanced by the presence of clomazone.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fisher, Loren R. and Burke, Ian C. and Price, Andrew J. and Smith, W. David and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2006}, pages={898–902} }
 @article{burke_price_wilcut_jordan_culpepper_tredaway-ducar_2004, title={Annual grass control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with clethodim and imazapic}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-026R}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted to evaluate possible interactions of clethodim with imazapic applied as mixtures or sequentially for control of broadleaf signalgrass, fall panicum, goosegrass, and large crabgrass. Imazapic at 70 g ai/ha alone controlled grass weeds inconsistently, whereas clethodim at 140 g ai/ha alone controlled the same weeds at least 99%. Imazapic did not affect broadleaf signalgrass control by clethodim. Reduced control of fall panicum, goosegrass, and large crabgrass was observed when clethodim and imazapic were applied in mixture. Antagonism of clethodim occurred when clethodim was applied 1 d before or up to 3 d after application of imazapic (fall panicum and large crabgrass). Antagonism of goosegrass control was noted when imazapic was applied 3 d before or up to 7 d after application of clethodim. In other experiments, large crabgrass and Texas panicum control by clethodim (70 and 140 g/ha) applied alone or with imazapic (70 g/ ha) or bentazon (1.1 kg ai/ha) plus 2,4-DB (0.28 kg ai/ha) either with or without ammonium sulfate (2.8 kg/ha) was evaluated. Texas panicum control by clethodim was reduced by imazapic regardless of the ammonium sulfate rate. However, large crabgrass control by imazapic was not affected in these experiments. Control of both grasses by clethodim was reduced substantially by bentazon plus 2,4-DB, although in some instances ammonium sulfate improved control when in mixture. Ammonium sulfate improved control by clethodim in some instances irrespective of the broadleaf–sedge herbicide treatments. Nomenclature: Bentazon; clethodim; 2,4-DB; imazapic; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb) Nash #3 BRAPP; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum L. # PANDI; goosegrass, Eleusine indica L. Gaertn. # ELEIN; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop. # DIGSA; Texas panicum, Panicum texanum Buckl. # PANTE. Additional index words: Ammonium sulfate, antagonism, herbicide compatibility, herbicide interaction, sequential application.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Jordan, DL and Culpepper, AS and Tredaway-Ducar, J}, year={2004}, pages={88–92} }
 @article{wilkerson_price_bennett_krueger_roberson_robinson_2004, title={Evaluating the potential for site-specific herbicide application in soybean}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-258R}, abstractNote={Field experiments were conducted on two North Carolina research stations in 1999, 2000, and 2001; on-farm in Lenoir, Wayne, and Wilson counties, NC, in 2002; and on-farm in Port Royal, VA, in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to evaluate possible gains from site-specific herbicide applications at these locations. Fields were scouted for weed populations using custom software on a handheld computer linked to a Global Positioning System. Scouts generated field-specific sampling grids and recorded weed density information for each grid cell. The decision aid HADSS™ (Herbicide Application Decision Support System) was used to estimate expected net return and yield loss remaining after treatment in each sample grid of every field under differing assumptions of weed size and soil moisture conditions, assuming the field was planted with either conventional or glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean. The optimal whole-field treatment (that treatment with the highest expected net return summed across all grid cells within a field) resulted in average theoretical net returns of $79/ha (U.S. dollars) and $139/ha for conventional and GR soybean, respectively. When the most economical treatment for each grid cell was used in site-specific weed management, theoretical net returns increased by $13/ha (conventional) and $4.50/ha (GR), and expected yield loss after treatment was reduced by 10.5 and 4%, respectively, compared with the whole-field optimal treatment. When the most effective treatment for each grid cell was used in site-specific weed management, theoretical net returns decreased by $18/ha (conventional) and $4/ha (GR), and expected yield loss after treatment was reduced by 27 and 19%, respectively, compared with the whole-field optimal treatment. Site-specific herbicide applications could have reduced the volume of herbicides sprayed by as much as 70% in some situations but increased herbicide amounts in others. On average, the whole-field treatment was optimal in terms of net return for only 35% (conventional) and 57% (GR) of grid cells.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wilkerson, GG and Price, AJ and Bennett, AC and Krueger, DW and Roberson, GT and Robinson, BL}, year={2004}, pages={1101–1110} }
 @article{price_wilcut_cranmer_2004, title={Physiological behavior of root-absorbed flumioxazin in peanut, ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-04-017R}, abstractNote={Abstract Previous research has shown that flumioxazin has the potential to cause peanut injury. In response to this concern, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of temperature on germination of flumioxazin-treated peanut seed and the effect of interval between flumioxazin application and irrigation on peanut emergence and injury. Laboratory experiments using 14C-flumioxazin were also conducted to investigate differential tolerance exhibited by peanut, ivyleaf morningglory, and sicklepod to flumioxazin. Flumioxazin treatments containing either water-dispersible granular or wettable powder formulation at 1.4 μmol L−1 did not influence germination compared with nontreated peanut across all temperature regimes (15 to 40 C). Peanut treated with either formulations of flumioxazin preemergence and receiving irrigation at emergence and 2 and 4 d after emergence were injured between 40 and 60%. Peanut treated at 8 and 12 d after emergence were injured between 25 and 15%, respectively. Total 14C absorbed by ivyleaf mornigglory was 57% of applied whereas sicklepod absorbed 46%, 72 h after treatment (HAT). Peanut absorbed > 74% of applied 14C 72 HAT. The majority of absorbed 14C remained in roots of sicklepod, ivyleaf morningglory, and peanut at all harvest times. Ivyleaf morningglory contained 41% of the parent herbicide 72 HAT whereas sicklepod and peanut contained only 24 and 11% parent compound, respectively. Regression slopes indicated slower flumioxazin metabolism by ivyleaf morningglory (a susceptible species) compared with sicklepod and peanut (tolerant species). Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; ivyleaf morningglory, [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] IPOHE; sicklepod, [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby] CASOB; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Cranmer, JR}, year={2004}, pages={718–724} }
 @misc{bennett_price_sturgill_buol_wilkerson_2003, title={HADSS (TM), pocket HERB (TM), and WebHADSS (TM): Decision aids for field crops}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0412:HPHAWD]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Row crop weed management decisions can be complex due to the number of available herbicide treatment options, the multispecies nature of weed infestations within fields, and the effect of soil characteristics and soil-moisture conditions on herbicide efficacy. To assist weed managers in evaluating alternative strategies and tactics, three computer programs have been developed for corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean. The programs, called HADSS™ (Herbicide Application Decision Support System), Pocket HERB™, and WebHADSS™, utilize field-specific information to estimate yield loss that may occur if no control methods are used, to eliminate herbicide treatments that are inappropriate for the specified conditions, and to calculate expected yield loss after treatment and expected net return for each available herbicide treatment. Each program has a unique interactive interface that provides recommendations to three distinct kinds of usage: desktop usage (HADSS), internet usage (WebHADSS), and on-site usage (Pocket HERB). Using WeedEd™, an editing program, cooperators in several southern U.S. states have created different versions of HADSS, WebHADSS, and Pocket HERB that are tailored to conditions and weed management systems in their locations. Nomenclature: Corn, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; peanut, Arachis hypogea L; soybean, Glycine max L. Additional index words: Bioeconomic models, computer decision aids, decision support systems, weed management. Abbreviations: HADSS, Herbicide Application Decision Support System; PDS, postemergence-directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant-incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Bennett, AC and Price, AJ and Sturgill, MC and Buol, GS and Wilkerson, GG}, year={2003}, pages={412–420} }
 @article{price_wilcut_cranmer_2002, title={Flumioxazin preplant burndown weed management in strip-tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) planted into wheat (Triticum aestivum)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0762:FPBWMI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Experiments were conducted at two locations in North Carolina from 1999 to 2000 to evaluate flumioxazin preplant (PP) for weed management in strip-tillage cotton planted in winter-wheat cover. Flumioxazin PP was evaluated at two rates alone and in mixture with two commonly used PP herbicides and one experimental PP herbicide. Flumioxazin PP at 71 or 105 g ai/ha tank mixed with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.12 kg ai/ha, paraquat at 1.05 kg ai/ha, or the trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate at 1.12 kg ai/ha controlled common chickweed, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, and smooth pigweed ≥ 96% 29 to 43 d after treatment (DAT). Both glyphosate formulations and paraquat alone provided ≥ 91% control of common chickweed and henbit 29 to 43 DAT, but control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, and smooth pigweed was ≤50%. Treatments including flumioxazin injured cotton (≤ 5%) at one location. In all comparisons within a location, cotton treated with flumioxazin PP at 71 or 105 g/ha in mixture with either glyphosate formulation or with paraquat provided equivalent or higher yields than did cotton not treated with flumioxazin PP. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; glyphosate; paraquat; common chickweed, Stellaria media L. Vill. #3 STEME; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L. # LAMAM; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri L. # AMAPA; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Paymaster 1218 RRBG’, ‘Paymaster 1220 RRBG’; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Additional index words: Burndown treatment, cover crops. Abbreviations: COC, crop-oil concentrate; DAT, days after treatment; glyphosate-IP, isopropylamine salt of glyphosate; glyphosate-TM, trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate; PDS, postemergence-directed spray; POST, postemergence; PP, preplant; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Cranmer, JR}, year={2002}, pages={762–767} }
 @article{price_wilcut_swann_2002, title={Weed management with diclosulam in peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0724:WMWDIP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Field experiments were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 1998 and 1999 and one location in Virginia in 1998 to evaluate weed management systems in peanut. Treatments consisted of diclosulam alone preemergence (PRE), or diclosulam plus metolachlor PRE alone or followed by (fb) bentazon plus acifluorfen postemergence (POST). These systems were also compared with commercial standards of metolachlor PRE fb bentazon plus acifluorfen POST or imazapic POST. Our data indicate that diclosulam PRE plus metolachlor PRE in conventional tillage peanut production usually controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, prickly sida, and entireleaf morningglory. But control of spurred anoda, goosegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, large crabgrass, and pitted morningglory by this system was inconsistent and may require additional POST herbicide treatments. Systems that included diclosulam plus metolachlor PRE consistently provided high yields and net returns. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen, bentazon, diclosulam, imazapic, metolachlor; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integruiscula Grey # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop. # DIGSA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; spurred anoda, Anoda cristata L. # ANVCR; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’, ‘NC 12C’. Additional index words: Economic analysis. Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Swann, CW}, year={2002}, pages={724–730} }
 @article{price_wilcut_2002, title={Weed management with diclosulam in strip-tillage peanut (Arachis hypogaea)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0029:WMWDIS]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted at three locations in North Carolina in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate weed management systems in strip-tillage peanut. Diclosulam was evaluated with standard preemergence (PRE), early postemergence, and postemergence (POST) herbicide systems in a factorial treatment arrangement. Preemergence treatments that contained diclosulam controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and eclipta by 100%. Diclosulam PRE controlled entireleaf morningglory by 88%, ivyleaf morningglory by ≥ 90%, pitted morningglory by ≥ 81%, and prickly sida by ≥ 94%. Yellow nutsedge control with diclosulam ranged from 65 to 100% depending on location, whereas POST systems containing imazapic controlled yellow nutsedge by at least 89%, regardless of PRE herbicides. Peanut yields and net returns were reflective of levels of weed management. Systems that included diclosulam PRE plus POST herbicides consistently provided high yields and net returns. Clethodim late POST was required for full-season control of annual grasses, including broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum. Nomenclature: Clethodim; diclosulam; imazapic; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. # ECLAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; Texas panicum, Panicum texanum Buckl. # PANTE; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘NC 10C’ and ‘NC 12C’. Additional index words: Economic analysis. Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW}, year={2002}, pages={29–36} }
 @article{pline_price_wilcut_edmisten_wells_2001, title={Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant cotton as influenced by application method and growth stage}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0460:AATOGI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The influence of herbicide placement and plant growth stage on the absorption and translocation patterns of 14C-glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant cotton was investigated. Plants at four growth stages were treated with 14C-glyphosate on a 5-cm2 section of the stem, which simulated a postemergence-directed spray (PDS) application, or on the newest mature leaf, which simulated a postemergence (POST) application. Plants were harvested 3 and 7 d after treatment and divided into the treated leaf or treated stem, mature leaves, immature leaves and buds, stems, roots, fruiting branches (including the foliage on the fruiting branch), squares, and bolls. The PDS versus POST application main effect on absorption was significant. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate applied to stem tissue was higher in PDS applications than in POST applications. Plants receiving PDS applications absorbed 35% of applied 14C-glyphosate, whereas those receiving POST applications absorbed 26%, averaged over growth stages at application. Absorption increased from the four-leaf growth stage to the eight-leaf stage in POST applications but reached a plateau at the eight-leaf stage. Plants with PDS applications showed an increase in absorption from the four- to eight- to twelve-leaf stages and reached a plateau at the 12-leaf stage. Translocation of 14C-glyphosate to roots was greater at all growth stages with PDS treatments than with POST treatments. Herbicide placement did not affect translocation of 14C-glyphosate to squares and bolls. Squares and bolls retained 0.2 to 3.7% of applied 14C-glyphosate, depending on growth stage. Separate studies were conducted to investigate the fate of foliar-applied 14C-glyphosate at the four- or eight-leaf growth stages when harvested at 8- or 10-leaf, 12-leaf, midbloom (8 to 10 nodes above white bloom), and cutout (five nodes above white bloom, physiological maturity) stages. Thirty to 37% of applied 14C-glyphosate remained in the plant at cutout in four- and eight-leaf treatment stages, respectively. The concentration of 14C-glyphosate in tissue (Bq g−1 dry weight basis) was greatest in mature leaves and immature leaves and buds in plants treated at the four-leaf stage. Plants treated at the eight-leaf stage and harvested at all growth stages except cutout showed a higher concentration of 14C-glyphosate in squares than in other plant tissue. Accumulation of 14C-glyphosate in squares reached a maximum of 43 Bq g−1 dry weight at harvest at the 12-leaf stage. This concentration corresponds to 5.7 times greater accumulation of 14C-glyphosate in squares than in roots, which may also be metabolic sinks. These data suggest that reproductive tissues such as bolls and squares can accumulate 14C-glyphosate at higher concentrations than other tissues, especially when the herbicide treatment is applied either POST or PDS during reproductive stages (eight-leaf stage and beyond). Nomenclature: Glyphosate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Delta Pine 5415RR’.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Pline, WA and Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R}, year={2001}, pages={460–467} }